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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 

JAMES J. DAVIS. Secretary 

U. S, CHILDREN'S BUREAU 

JULIA C. LATHROP. Chief 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN 
UNDER SIX YEARS OF AGE 

By 

ROBERT MORSE WOODBURY, Ph. D. 



<fc 



COMMUNITY CHILD-WELFARE SERIES No. 3 

Bureau Publication No. 87 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

19£1 



. 



Owing to limited appropriations for printing, it is not possible to dis- 
tribute this bulletin in large quantities. Additional copies may be procured 
from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Wash- 
ington, D. O, at 15 cents per copy. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

DEC 221921 

Dd&UMfctVf't» ki.*.olON 






I. 
ONTENTS. 



Letter of transmittal 7 

Introduction 9-14 

Basis of selection 11 

Accuracy of measurement 13 

Units of measurement 14 

Statures and weights 15-64 

Size of selected group 15 

White children 15-61 

Average statures and weights 15 

Variability 21 

Growth 23 

Weight for stature 27 

Weight for stature and age : 30 

Comparison with other series 36 

Composition of selected group 42 

Comparative stature and weight in different sections 51 

Comparative stature and weight, of city and country children 53 

Comparative stature and weight of children of native parentage 55 

Comparative stature and weight of children of Italian, Scandinavian, 

and German parentage 56-61 

Children of Italian parentage 58 

Children of Scandinavian parentage 61 

Children of German parentage 61 

Negro children 62 

Comparative stature and weight of children with certain defects 65-76 

Proportion of children with each defect 65 

Relation of defect to stature and weight 67-73 

Rachitis 69 

"Malnutrition 69 

Heart abnormality 70 

Carious teeth .' 71 

Diseased or enlarged tonsils 71 

Adenoids 73 

Effect of inclusion of children with certain defects upon general averages . . 74 

Corrected and smoothed averages of stature and weight 75 

Appendix A .-. 77 

Extract from "Suggestions to Examiners " 77 

Weighing 77 

Measuring 77 

Appendix B 78-80 

Accuracy of material 78 

Appendix C 81-82 

Probable errors of averages 81 

Index 115 

3 



GENERAL TABLES. 

Page. 
Table 1. Average statures and weights in centimeters and kilograms, by sex, 

from birth to 6 years; smoothed figures; white children 85 

2. Average statures and weights in centimeters and kilograms, by sex, 

from birth to 6 years; after original data; white children 86 

3. Stature and age; white boys 87-91 

4. Stature and age ; white girls 92-96 

5. Weight and age: white boys facing p. 96 

6. Weight and age ; white girls facing p. 96 

7. Weight and stature; white boys facing p. 96 

8. Weight and stature; white girls facing p. 96 

9. Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white 

children; Iowa 97 

10. Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white 

children ; California 98 

11. Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white 

children; New York City 99 

12. Country of birth of parents, by section; white children included in 

height and weight tabulation 100 

13. Country of birth of parents; white children included in height and 

weight table, New York City 101 

14. Comparative standard deviations in stature; white boys 3 years but 

less than 4 years of age, in Iowa and in all States 101 

15. Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white 

children of mothers born in Italy 102 

16. Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white 

children of mothers born in Germany 102-103 

17. Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white 

children of mothers born in Denmark, Sweden, or Norway 103 

18. Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; Negro 

children 104 

19. Average statures and weights, by sex, from 1 to 71 months; smoothed 

figures, exact ages; white children 105 

20. Average statures and weights, by sex, from 1 to 71 months; smoothed 

figures, exact ages; white children 106 

21. Average weight for height, by sex; white children 107 

22. Weight and age; white boys of specified statures 108-113 

23. Average statures and weights, by sex, from 3 to 6 years; smoothed 

and corrected figures ; in centimeters and kilograms; white children . 114 



CHARTS. 



Chart I. Stature and age, by sex 16 

II. Weight and age, by sex : 16 

III. Monthly growth in stature and weight, by sex and age 25 

IV. Yearly growth in stature and weight, by sex and age 26 

V. Weight for stature, by sex 26 

VI. Weight for stature and age; boys 30 

VII. Weight for stature and age; girls 31 

VIII. Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, 

Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's averages; boys' statures 36 

IX. Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, 

Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's averages; girls' statures. 37 

X. Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, 

Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's averages; boys' weights 38 

XI. Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, 

Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's averages; girls' weights 39 

XII. Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, Dr. 

Holt's, and Bowditch's averages; boys' weight for height 40 

XIII. Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, Dr. 

Holt's, and Bowditch's averages; girls' weight for height 41 

XIV. Distribution of statures of white boys aged 36 months in all 

States and in Iowa 42 

XV. Distribution of weights of white boys aged 36 months in all 

States and in Iowa 43 

XVI. Distribution of weights of white boys 37 inches in stature 44 

XVII. Comparative statures of boys of Italian, Scandinavian, and 

German parentage, and of boys in all States 56 

XVIII. Comparative statures of girls of Italian, Scandinavian, and 

German parentage, and of girls in all States 57 

XIX. Comparative weights of boys of Italian, Scandinavian, and 

German parentage, and of boys in all States 58 

XX. Comparative weights of girls of Italian, Scandinavian, and 

German parentage, and of girls in all States 59 

XXI. Comparative statures and weights of white and Negro boys 62 

XXII. Comparative statures and weights of white and Negro girls 63 

XXIII. Distribution of Weights of boys with diseased or enlarged 

tonsils, 3 but under 4 years of age 72 

5 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



United States Department of Labor, 

Children's Bureau, 
Washington, May 11, 1921. 

Str: I transmit herewith a report on Statures and Weights of 
Children Under Six Years of Age. 

The material for this report was secured in 1918-19 in the course 
of the weighing and measuring test of "Children's Year." The plan 
for the test was drawn up by Dr. Grace L. Meigs (Crowder). The 
work of tabulation was under the direction of Dr. Robert M. Wood- 
bury, who has written the report. 

Grateful acknowledgments are due to the members of the two 
advisory committees who gave generously of their time and whose 
recommendations as to the use of material guided the preparation 
of this report. These committees were : 

Committee of the Pediatric Section of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation: Dr. J. P. Sedgwick, Dr. Richard M. Smith, Dr. William Wes- 
ton, Dr. Herman Schwartz, Dr. E. C. Fleischmer. 

Statistical Advisory Committee: Prof. Walter F. Willcox, Prof. 
Irving Fisher, Prof. Thomas S. Adams, Prof. Robert E. Chaddock, 
Prof. J. W. Glover, Miss Edith Abbott. 

To other authorities consulted grateful acknowledgments are also 
made for valuable suggestions and criticisms. These other authori- 
ties included: Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, Dr. Bird T. Baldwin, Dr. Clark 
Wissler, Dr. Charles R. Bardeen, Dr. Charles B. Davenport, Dr. Louis 
I. Dublin, Dr. Frederick L. Hoffman, Dr. F. S. Crum, and Dr. Fritz 
B. Talbot. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Julia C. Lathrop, 

Chief. 

Hon. James J. Davis, 

Secretary of Labor. 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN UNDER SIX YEARS 

OF AGE. 



INTRODUCTION. 

During children's year, the second year of this country's participa- 
tion in the World War, a series of campaigns was undertaken to 
focus public attention upon infant and child welfare. Experience 
in other countries had shown the special need of protective measures 
for children during war time. This need was recognized by President 
Wilson in his letter to the Secretary of Labor: 

Next to the duty of doing everything possible for the soldiers at the front, there 
could be, it seems to me, no more patriotic duty than that of protecting the children, 
who constitute one-third of our population * * * I heartily approve the plan of 
the Children's Bureau and the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense 
for making the second year of the war one of united activity on behalf of children, 
and in that sense a children's year. 

A full description of the children's year campaigns is contained in 
Children'^ Year, 1 a publication of the Children's Bureau, and in an 
address by Dr. Anna E. Rude at a meeting of the American Public 
Health Association in December, 19 IS. 2 

The present bulletin is concerned solely with the first of these cam- 
paigns, that for the weighing and measuring of children. A record 
blank in two parts was prepared, one for the parents to keep and the 
other for return to the Children's Bureau. The parents' half of the 
card contained spaces for the child's stature, weight, and age and for 
the date of examination, together with spaces for later measurements, 
to form a continuous record of the child's growth. It contained also 
a table of average heights and weights with which the child's actual 
height and weight could be compared. 

Though based on the best available data, it was realized that the 
averages given in the table on the parents' half of the card were far 
from satisfactory. No complete series covering all ages was available. 
Three different sources were used — Dr. Holt's averages, based upon 
about 2,000 measurements made in private practice, for boys and 
girls at birth and for boys at 3 months; 3 Dr. Crum's figures, based 

1 Children's Year, a brief summary of work done and suggestions for follow-up work. Children's Bureau 
publication No. 67. 

2 Anna E. Rude, M. D.: "The children's year campaign," in American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 
IX, No. 5 (May, 1919), pp. 346-351. 

8 L. Emmett Holt, Diseases of Infancy and Childhood, 1916, p. 20. Figures for 3 months given in a 
personal communication. 

9 



10 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 

upon 10,423 "normal babies in 31 States" for the period from 6 to 
48 months, inclusive; 4 and Bowditch's averages, based upon nearly 
24,000 Boston school children of native and foreign parentage, 5 for the 
period from 5 to 16 years of age. The first two sources named gave 
weights without clothing, while the last gave weights in ordinary 
clothing but without shoes. The series from 6 to 48 months had 
been criticised on the ground that the competitive element present 
in baby shows, at which the bulk of these measurements were secured, 
was likely to have produced too high averages. On account of lack 
of material, gaps in the table were left between birth and 6 months 
for girls and, except for the figure at 3 months, for boys; and also 
between 48 months and 66 months, the age to which the first of 
Bowditch's averages (5 years) corresponds. The continuity of the 
series was broken in passing from weights without clothing at 48 
months to weights in ordinary clothing but without shoes at 5 years. 
It might be mentioned, further, that the averages from 36 to 48 months 
were based on relatively few cases (from 9 to 90) , while the average for 
5 years, the lowest of Bowditch's figures, was probably less reliable 
than his averages for later years. Yet, as explained on the record 
blank, the averages presented were not far different from averages 
drawn from other sources. 6 

The bureau's half of the card contained spaces for the child's stature, 
weight, sex, and date of birth, for the country of birth of father and 
mother, and for a statement of whether or not the child was in good 
health or had physical defects. Spaces were also provided for the 
date and place of examination and for the signature of the examiner. 

As the campaign progressed calls for record blanks quickly ex- 
ceeded the 500,000 originally printed, and before the campaign was 
finished over 7,000,000 blanks had been distributed. From these the 
bureau eventually received over 2,000,000 records. In view of the 
large demand for cards it was found necessary to concentrate upon 
children under 6 years of age, and accordingly the great majority 
of records received were for children under 6. 

The bureau was thus put in possession of a far larger mass of data 
upon heights and weights than was ever before available for children 
of these ages. In view of the gaps in and the unsatisfactory character 
of the material previously available for these ages, it seemed a duty 
to utilize and make available the information contained in these 

* Anthropometric Statistics of Children— Ages 6 to 48 months. Frederick S. Crum, Publications of the 
American Statistical Association, Vol. XV, 1916-17, pp. 332-336. 

s Eighth Annual Report of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts, 1877, p. 275. 

8 B owditch' s averages are in substantial agreement with the table of statures based on over 88,000 children 
in Boston, St. Louis, Milwaukee, Worcester, Toronto, and Oakland, and the table of weights calculated 
from the data of 68,000 children in Boston, St. Louis, and Milwaukee. See B. T. Baldwin, Physical Growth 
and School Progress, U. S. Bureau of Education, Bulletin 1914, No. 10, whole No. 581, p. 150. The weights 
based upon "10,423 normal babies" were, however, somewhat higher than those given by Dr. Holt for 
children under 2 years. 



INTRODUCTION. 11 

records. The analysis would serve to establish upon adequate 
material drawn from all parts of the country a complete series of 
average statures and weights for young children. It might also 
serve, if another similar mass of material were to be accumulated 
after an interval of time, as a basic series from which changes in 
average statures and weights could be measured. 

The total number of records received was so great that it was 
impossible, in view of the limited resources of the bureau, to tabulate 
the entire mass of material. A smaller number would afford a basis 
large enough for accurate results, and would permit of a selection 
of the most reliable part of the data. 

Consultations were held with anthropological, statistical, and 
medical authorities in regard to the subjects and methods of investi- 
gation. These conferences were held before the commencement of 
tabulation, and during the progress of the work as questions arose. 
Questions of a statistical nature were referred to the statistical 
advisory committee of the bureau. A special committee of the 
pediatric section of the American Medical Association cooperated in 
connection with the medical questions. 

In the final tabulation about one-twelfth of the total number of 

cards was included. 

BASIS OF SELECTION. 

The basis of selection was fourfold. In the first place only cards 
signed by physicians were included. If a physician signed the card 
it might be assumed that he was the examiner or that he exercised 
supervision over the taking of measurements. Since the main 
tabulations were to be based on children who were without serious 
physical defects, it was desirable to select those who had been ex- 
amined or at least passed under review by physicians. A further 
discussion of this point is given below. 

In the second place, cards were not included in the tables unless 
a definite statement was received from the examining physician that 
the children were weighed and measured without clothing. The 
directions for weighing specified that children under 5 years of age 
were to be weighed and measured without clothing. A thousand 
questionnaires sent to physicians selected at random throughout the 
country showed, however, that many had not followed this direc- 
tion exactly; some had weighed children in underclothing, others 
reported weighing with clothing and making deductions before 
entering weights, still others had measured the children with their 
shoes on, etc. It was decided, therefore, to send a questionnaire 
to every physician who had signed a card and to include only cards 
signed by those who reported weighing and measuring without cloth- 
ing. The physicians were asked to specify separately the method 
of weighing children under 1 year of age, from 1 to 5 years, and 5 



12 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 

years of age and over. It frequently happened that physicians 
reported that children under 1 year of age had been weighed and 
measured without clothing, while those over 1 year or over 5 years 
had been weighed differently; in these cases only the cards of children 
who were weighed without clothing were included. The rule that 
only children weighed without clothing should be included in the 
tables was applied to children 5 years of age and over, evefn though 
the directions on the record blank had not specified this method of 
weighing at these ages, since only thus could the series of heights 
and weights be placed on a uniform basis. 7 

The third basis of selection, as already mentioned, was the absence 
of physical defects which might affect stature or weight. The defects 
and diseases which were the basis of exclusion from the tabulation 
included arthritis, cretinism, curvature of the spine, dwarfism, heart 
disease, hydrocephalus, idiocy, imbecility, joint disease, marasmus, 
malnutrition, paralysis, Pott's disease, rachitis, spina bifida, syphilis, 
and tuberculosis; and any children who were noted as sick at the 
time of examination were excluded. In general any defect or disease 
which necessarily interferes with the growth and nutrition of a child 
excluded the card from tabulation. 

In this connection it should be remembered that all children who 
were included in the tabulation were weighed and measured, exam- 
ined or reviewed, by physicians. It is probable, therefore, that all 
cases of the more serious defects included in the list were noted upon 
the card. The reporting of defects and diseases the diagnosis of which 
is at all difficult was probably far less uniform. Nevertheless, the 
group selected for tabulation represents, so far as the physicians' 
records permitted, children without prrysical defects which might 
affect stature or weight. 8 

The fourth basis of selection was the completeness and accuracy of 
the record. All cards were excluded upon which any one or more 

' A small number of cards signed by physicians in California was included even though replies had not 
been received as to methods used in weighing and measuring. In this State a State-wide campaign was 
carried on by physicians working under detailed instructions. Answers to the questionnaires were re- 
ceived from about three-fifths of the physicians who had signed record cards; their cards were accepted 
or rejected in accordance with the general rule stated above. The replies showed, however, that practi- 
cally all the children were weighed and measured without clothing. The cards of physicians from whom 
no replies were received were therefore included. The possible error arising from including these cards 
is small, since it is estimated that of all the California children included, 95 per cent of those under 1 year, 
87 per cent of those froml to 5 years, and 82 per cent of those 5 years of age were weighed without clothing, 
and in a large number of the remaining cases the weights were entered after making deductions to allow 
for the weight of clothing. In the averages for the entire country the possible error arising from this source 
is negligible, since these children form such a small fraction of the general total. 

s The list of defects causing exclusion did not include carious teeth, diseased or enlarged tonsils, or ade- 
noids. In order to learn whether the inclusion of children with these defects affected the general average 
stature and weight, a tabulation was made of 10,276 California and New York City children with definite 
diagnoses of diseased or enlarged tonsils, 3,728 children with definite diagnoses of adenoids, and 2,093 chil- 
dren with carious teeth. The results are presented on pp. 74-76, together with an estimate of the effect 
on the general average of including such children. The effect under 3 years of age is negligible; over 3, the 
elimination of children with these defects would have raised the general average stature not more than one- 
twentieth of an inch and the average weight only from 1 to 3 ounces, pp. 74-75. 



INTRODUCTION. 13 

of the following was not reported: Sex, age, height, weight, or color. 
Furthermore, cards were excluded upon which obviously impossible 
errors due to clerical inaccuracies appeared. 9 

ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENT. 

The accuracy of the figures depends on three different items. In 
the first place, as already pointed out, it is obvious that whether the 
children were weighed and measured with or without clothing is of 
fundamental importance. Obviously all the children included had 
to be weighed according to a uniform rule as to clothing, if the results 
were to be of value. Since weighing without clothing avoids diffi- 
culties resulting from variations in the weight of clothing worn in the 
different seasons, in the North, and in the South, and by the different 
elements of the population, this method was adopted and specified 
in the instructions for weighing. If, then, children weighed with 
clothing were included, the averages would be too high. Error from 
this source, as already stated, was practically eliminated by the 
method of selection of the records. 

In the second place the technique of weighing and measuring and 
the type and accuracy of the scales used would affect the result. 
Whether, for example, the weighing scales were properly balanced, 
whether in measuring children the best methods were followed to 
insure that the stature should be accurately secured, all such points 
are important; but they can not be determined from the records 
themselves. In connection with the weighing and measuring cam- 
paign a leaflet, " Suggestions to Examiners," 10 was drawn up and 
distributed. In this leaflet recommendations as to the most satis- 
factory methods of weighing and measuring were given, and refer- 
ences were made to a previous bulletin of the bureau, How to Conduct 
a Children's Health Conference. While it is impossible to determine 
to what extent these suggestions were followed, errors in weighing 
and measuring would tend in general to overstate and to understate 
the truth in an approximately equal number of cases and to approxi- 
mately equal degrees. In other words, in a large number of measure- 
ments errors from this source would tend to offset one another. 
Though such errors would increase slightly the standard deviation 
and the variability of the measurements, the averages themselves 
would remain practically unaffected. 

In the third place, the accuracy with which results were recorded 
must be considered. Clerical errors or omissions may, of course, 
have occurred. In some cases these may have been such as to cause 

9 Such, for example, as a card which gave a stature of 36 inches "at birth." This error was doubtless due 
to entering the date of examination both for the date of examination and the date of birth. In sub- 
tracting the date of birth from the date of examinatiori to find the age, it appears— erroneously — that 
the child was examined on the same day he was born. 

10 Extracts containing the recommendations for weighing and measuring are given in the appendix. 



14 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN". 

the rejection of the card; the others would probably tend to offset 
one another in a large number of measurements. Measurements, 
furthermore, may not have been recorded with as great accuracy as 
they were secured; or vice versa, they may have been stated on the 
card with greater precision than the methods of securing them 
actually warranted. Stature, for example, may have been accu- 
rately secured to the nearest eighth of an inch and have been stated 
only to the nearest inch; or it may have been secured and stated 
accurately to the nearest half, quarter, or eighth of an inch; or it 
may have been stated in eighths without having been so accurately 
secured. The records themselves, obviously, do not show the accuracy 
with which the measurements were actually made, but they do show 
the fineness of the classification used in entering the measurements. 
Although this information does not furnish any basis for determining 
the absolute accuracy of the averages, it does throw light upon the 
relative accuracy and care in measurements made in the different 
sections of the country and for the white and Negro children included 
in their respective tables. These comparisons are discussed in the 
appendix, p. 78. 

Except for the possibility of biased errors the precision of an 
average depends upon the variability, and upon the number of 
measurements. 11 This subject is discussed later in connection with 

the tables 

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT. 

In the tabulations height is stated to the nearest inch, weight to 
the nearest half pound; age is given in completed months, and the 
upper and lower limits of the ages included are stated in the tables. 
Cases in which the stated height fell on the even half inch, or on the 
dividing line between two groups, were divided equally, and half 
were included in the group below and half in the group above the 
dividing line. Similarly for weights; cases in which the weight was 
stated with a fraction of one-fourth or three-fourths of a pound were 
divided equally, and half were included with the unit next below 
and half with the unit next above. Thus, half the cases of children 
whose weights were stated as 15£ pounds, for example, were arbi- 
trarily classed in the group weighing 14f to 15^ and half in the group 
weighing 15£ to 15f pounds. The age was in every case computed 
from the dates of examination and of birth and classified by months. 
The average age of the children in each group, therefore, is approxi- 
mately halfway between the upper and lower limits of age given. 
In comparing these figures with other series of measurements, the 
definition of the units, as just stated, must always be borne in mind. 

11 The precision of an average in the technical sense varies directly with the square root of the number 
of measurements and inversely with the square root of the sum of the mean squared deviation from the 

average. 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 

SIZE OF SELECTED GROUP. 

Records for 172,000 children met the tests of selection described, 
and were tabulated for the general tables of stature and weight. 
These records included all those among the 2,000,000 cards received 
which fulfilled every requirement. All but a small number, 1,612, of 
these children were under 6 years of age. The number of records 
received for children under 6 years of age represented, therefore, 
about one-seventh, and the number tabulated about 1.2 per cent, of 
the total number of children of this age in the country. 

The records were divided at the outset into two parts, and those 
for white and for colored children were tabulated separately. Since 
the group of white children was large, comprising 167,024, while that 
for colored children was comparatively small, comprising only 4,976 
records, the main discussion is of the group of white children. 

WHITE CHILDREN. 

Average statures and weights. 

Table I gives average statures and weights for white boys and girls 
for each age up to 72 months. 1 The figures shown in this table have 
been smoothed to eliminate slight irregularities in the progression of 
statures and weights. 2 Charts I and II show in graphic form the 
increase in stature and weight during the first six years of life. 

Boys under 6 years of age are found to be slightly taller and heavier 
than girls of the same ages. The averages for boys increase from 
21.16 inches and 9.11 pounds at under 1 month to 43.87 inches and 
41.40 pounds at 71 months. At the same time those for girls increase 
from 20.89 inches and 8.65 pounds at under 1 month to 43.52 inches 
and 40.36 pounds at 71 months. The boys average from one-third 
to one-half inch taller and weigh about a pound more than the girls 
of the same ages. 

1 Figures in units of the metric system are given in General Table 1, p. 85. 

2 The. method of smoothing is as follows: The differences between the successive averages, indicating 
monthly growth, are first smoothed by substituting for each figure a new one equal to the average of five 
values, the figure itself and the two preceding and the two following figures. The process is then repeated 
a second time upon this first smoothed series. These figures are then adjusted so that the sum of the 
smoothed is equal to the sum of the original figures indicating growth. These final smoothed growth figures 
are then used to construct the smoothed series of averages. The first two and the last two averages have 
been kept unchanged. 

15 



Chart I. — Stature and age, by sex. 



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0MONTHS5 (O IS 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 loO <o5 JO 75 

Chart II. — Weight and age, by sex. 

POUNDS 

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16 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 



17 



Table I. — Average statures and weights, from birth to 6 years, by ages, smoothed 

figures; white children. 1 



Under 1 month... 

1 month, under 2 

2 months, under 3 

3 months 



, under 4. . 
, under 5. . 
, under 6. . 
, under 7. . 
, under 8. . 
, under 9. . 
, under 10- 
, under 11. 
, under 12. 
, under 13. 
, under 14. 
, under 15. 
, under 16. 
, under 17- 
, under 18. 
, under 19. 
, under 20. 
, under 21. 
, under 22. 
, under 23. 
, under 24. 
, under 25. 
, under 26. 
, under 27. 
, under 28. 
, under 29- 
, under 30. 
, under 31. 
, under 32- 
, under 33- 
, under 34. 
, under 35. 
, under 36. 
, under 37. . 
, under 38- . 
, under 39. . 
, under 40. . 
, under 41.. 
, under 42. . 
, under 43. . 
, under 44. . 
, under 45. . 
, under 46. . 
, under 47. . 
, under 48. . 
, under 49. . 
, under 50. . 
, under 51.. 
, under 52. . 
, under 53.. 
, under 54. . 
, under 55. . 
, under 56. . 
, under 57- . 
, under 58. . 
, under 59.. 
, under 60. . 
, under 61.. 
, under 62. . 
, under 63. . 
, under 64. . 
, under 65. . 
, under 66. . 
, under 67. . 
, under 68. . 
, under 69. . 
, under 70. . 
, under 71.. 
, under 72. . 



Boys. 



Ayerage 
stature 
(inches). 



21.16 
22.47 
23.58 
24.55 
25.38 
26.10 
26.72 
27.27 
27.76 
28.21 
28.64 
29.06 
29.47 
29.87 
30.26 
30.64 
31.02 
31.39 
31.76 
32.11 
32.44 
32.76 
33.06 
33.34 
33.62 
33.89 
34.16 
34.43 
34.71 
34.99 
35.27 
35.54 
35.79 
36.02 
36.24 
36.46 
36.67 
36.89 
37.11 
37.34 
37.57 
37.81 
38.05 
38.29 
38.51 
38.72 
38.91 
39.09 
39.25 
39.42 
39.59 
39.77 
39.96 
40.18 
40.40 
40.62 
40.83 
41.03 
41.22 
41.40 
41.57 
41.75 
41.93 
42.11 
42.31 
42.51 
42.71 
42.91 
43.10 
43.32 
43.48 
43.87 



Average 

weight 

(pounds) 



9.11 
10.88 
12.61 
14.07 
15.37 
16.50 
17.47 
18.31 
19.04 
19.68 
20.27 
20.81 
21.32 
21.82 
22.31 
22.78 
23.25 
23.72 
24.18 
24.62 
25.04 
25.45 
25.84 
26.21 
26.58 
26.95 
27.31 
27.68 
28.06 
28.45 
28.83 
29.20 
29.56 
29.88 
30.18 
30.47 
30.75 
31.04 
31.34 
31.67 
32.01 
32.36 
32.71 
33.05 
33.36 
33.65 
33.91 
34.14 
34.36 
34.59 
34.82 
35.06 
35.33 
35.63 
35.94 
36.27 
36.61 
36.94 
37.28 
37.60 
37.91 
38.20 
38.48 
38.75 
39.05 
39.36 
39.69 
40.03 
40.39 
40.72 
41.17 
41.40 



Girls. 



Average 
stature 
(inches). 



20.89 
21.92 
23.09 
24.00 
24.83 
25.53 
26.15 
26.70 
27.20 
27.66 
28.10 
28.51 
28.91 
29.30 
29.69 
30.08 
30.47 
30.86 
31.24 
31.60 
31.93 
32.24 
32.53 
32.81 
33.09 
33.37 
33.66 
33.95 
34.24 
34.53 
34.82 
35.09 
35.34 
35.58 
35.81 
36.03 
36.25 
36.48 
36.72 
36.96 
37.21 
37.46 
37.70 
37.92 
38.13 
38.33 
38.52 
38.70 
38.89 
39. OS 
39.27 
39.47 
39.69 
39.91 
40.14 
40.36 
40.58 
40.79 
40.98 
41.16 
41.34 
41.52 
41.69 
41.86 
42.03 
42.20 
42.38 
42.58 
42.81 
43.03 
43.39 
43.52 



Average 

weight 

(pounds). 



8.65 
10.14 
11.71 
13.03 
14.25 
15.32 
16.26 
17.09 
17.81 
18.45 
19.03 
19.56 
20.04 
20.51 
20.96 
21.42 
21.88 
22.35 
22.81 
23.26 
23.68 
24.07 
24.45 
24.81 
25.17 
25.54 
25.92 
26.31 
26.70 
27.09 
27.48 
27.85 
28.20 
28.54 
28.88 
29.20 
29.51 
29.82 
30.13 
30.46 
30.79 
31.12 
31.44 
31.73 
32.00 
32.27 
32.53 
32.78 
33.05 
33.31 
33.57 
33.85 
34.17 
34.48 
34.81 
35.14 
35.45 
35.75 
36.05 
36.35 
36.65 
36.94 
37.23 
37.52 
37.80 
38.09 
38.42 
38.74 
39.14 
39.53 
40.17 
40.36 



1 The figures have been smoothed by using the smoothed figures of monthly growth. For the method 
of smoothing see p. 15. For equivalents in centimeters and kilograms see General Table 1, p. 85. For 
averages at exact ages, 1 month, etc., see General Tables 19 and 20, pp. 105,106. 

49079°— 21 2 



18 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



Averages from the original data are shown in Tables II and III, 
together with measures of variability and the numbers of cases upon 
which the averages are based. The number of cases upon which the 
various averages are based rises to a maximum at about 6 months 
when over 1,900 boys and 1,800 girls were examined. For all ages 
except under 1 month and at 60 months and over for boys, and under 
1 month and at 56, 57, and 60 months and over for girls, at least 
1,000 records were included, a number sufficiently large to insure that 
the averages are not seriously affected by chance irregularities in the 
selection of cases. 

Table II. — Average statures and weights, by age, from birth to 6 years; white boys. 1 





White boys. 


Age. 


Number. 

595 
1,431 
1,754 
1,826 
1,863 
1,809 
1,912 
1,851 
1,746 
1,860 
1,814 
1,838 
1,575 
1,364 
1,281 
1,328 
1,216 
1,278 
1,289 
1,206 
1,171 
1,242 
1,300 
1,281 
1,354 
1,272 
1,253 
1,269 
1,321 
1,240 
1,205 
1,201 
1,217 
1,241 
1,311 
1.283 


Stature. 


Weight. 


Average 

stature 

(inches). 2 


Standard 
deviation 
(inches). 3 


Coeffi- 
cient of 

variation 

(per 

cent). < 


Average 

weight 

(pounds). 2 


Standard 
deviation 
(pounds). 8 


Coeffi- 
cient of 
variation 
(per 

cent).« 




21.16 

22.47 
23.58 
24.53 
25.35 
26.08 
26.68 
27.21 
27.59 
28.02 
28.47 
28.91 
29.36 
29.73 
30.15 
30.42 
30.89 
31.26 
31.77 
32.12 
32.34 
32.64 
33.05 
33.23 
33.60 
33. 90 
34.08 
34.35 
34.55 
34.95 
35.31 
35.60 
35. 85 
36.03 
36.16 
36.48 


1.43 
1.29 
1.25 
1.30 
1.30 
1.45 
1.49 
1.57 
1.50 
1.47 
1.49 
1.42 
1.43 
1.42 
1.39 
1.38 
1.56 
1.59 
1.74 
1.70 
1.68 
1.67 
1.69 
1.62 
1.65 
1.58 
1.66 
1.63 
1.63 
1.75 
1.79 
1.84 
1.80 
1.72 
1.72 
1.73 


6.7 
5.8 
5.3 
5.3 
5.1 
5.6 
5.6 
5.8 
5.4 
5.2 
5.2 
4.9 
4.9 
4.8 
4.6 
4.5 
5.0 
5.1 
5.5 
5.3 
5.2 
5.1 
5.1 
4.9 
4.9 
4.7 
4.9 
4.8 
4.7 
5.0 
5.1 
5.2 
5.0 
4.8 
4.7 
4.8 


9.11 
10.88 
12.61 
14.12 
15.32 
16.58 
17.52 
18.31 
18.96 
19.44 
20.13 
20.67 
21.19 
21.67 
22.22 
22.45 
23.05 
23.61 
24.15 
24.67 
24.78 
25.28 
25.85 
26.02 
26.47 
27.02 
27.16 
27.53 
27.84 
28.40 
28.92 
29.17 
29.67 
29.86 
30.14 
30.49 


1.77 
1.89 
2.04 
2.19 
2.28 
2.53 
2.59 
2.68 
2.57 
2.57 
2.64 
2.44 
2.58 
2.58 
2.53 
2.59 
2.74 
2.75 
2.93 
2.94 
2.91 
2.95 
2.98 
2.81 
3.06 
3.06 
3.30 
3.27 
3.17 
3.29 
3.47 
3.48 
3.50 
3.43 
3.45 
3.50 


19.4 




17.4 




16.2 




15.4 




14.9 




15.3 




14.8 




14.6 




13.5 




13.2 


10 months, under 11 


13.1 




11.8 




12.2 




11.9 




11.4 




11.5 




11.9 




11.7 


18 months, under 19 


12.1 


19 months, under 20 


11.9 


20 months, under 21 


11.7 


21 months, under 22 


11.7 


22 months, under 23 


11.5 




10.8 




11.6 




11.3 


26 months, under 27 . . . 


12.2 


27 months, under 28 


11.9 


28 months, under 29 . . . . 


11.4 


29 months, under 30 


11.6 


30 months, under 31 


12.0 




11.9 




11. S 


33 months, under 34 


11.5 




11.5 


35 months, under 36 


11.5 



1 Averages are not shown for 729 boys measured at ages of 72 to S3 months, since the numbers at each 
age were too small to yield satisfactory averages. For equivalents in centimeters and kilograms see 
General Table 2, p. 86. The distribution of heights is given in General Table 3 and of weights in 
General Table 5. 

2 The "probable errors" of these averages are small. At under 1 month the probable error of average 
stature is 0.04 inch; from 1 to 12 months, 0.02: from 13 to 41 months, 0.03, except at 14 months, 0.02; from 
42 to 59 months, 0.04: and from 60 to 71 months it ranges from 0.05 to 0.08 inch. At imder 1 month the 
"probable error" of the average weight is 0.05 pound: from 1 month to 59 months it ranges from 0.03 to 
0.09; and from 60 months to 71 it ranges from 0.11 to 0.18 pound. For an explanation of the significance 
of this term, see Appendix C, pp. 81-82. 

a The standard deviation is equal to the square root of the mean squared deviation from the average. 



* The coefficient of variation is found by dividing the standard deviation by the average and expressing 
the result as a percentage. V=—— 



STATURES AND "WEIGHTS. 



19 



Table II. — Average statures and weights, by age, from birth to 6 years; white boys — 

Concluded. 





White boys. 


Age. 


Number. 


Stature. 


Weight. 


Average 
stature 
(inches). 


Standard 
deviation 
(inches). 


Coeffi- 
cient of 
variation 
(per 

cent). 


Average 

weight 

(pounds). 


Standard 
deviation 
(pounds). 


Coeffi- 
cient of 
variation 
(per 

cent). 




1,258 

1,176 

1,171 

1,177 

1,167 

1,188 

1,126 

1,198 

1,164 

1,205 

1,203 

1,236 

1,171 

1, 104 

1,127 

1,075 

1,171 

1,068 

1,040 

1,025 

1,028 

1,081 

1,052 

1,028 

624 

582 

527 

499 

508 

492 

405 

404 

433 

385 

380 

368 


36.67 
36.90 
37.09 
37.31 
37.54 
37.83 
38. 09 
38.38 
38.61 
38.87 
38.98 
39.19 
39.21 
39.51 
39.69 
39.81 
39.91 
40.25 
40.47 
40.76 
40.97 
41.21 
41.27 
41.49 
41.60 
41.96 
42.10 
42.05 
42.34 
42.59 
42.93 
43.22 
43.20 
43.32 
43.48 
48.87 


1.74 
1.68 
1.71 
1.74 
1.70 
1.74 
1.88 
1.90 
1.82 
1.92 
1.86 
1.85 
1.85 
1.85 
1.89 
1.89 
1.94 
1.96 
1.99 
1.98 
1.96 
1.97 
1.95 
1.99 
1.98 
1.81 
2.11 
2.05 
2.01 
2.10 
2.11 
1.90 
1.95 
1.93 
2.35 
1.97 


4.7 
4.6 
4.6 
4.7 
4.5 
4.6 
4.9 
5.0 
4.7 
4.9 
4.8 
4.7 
4.7 
4.7 
4.8 
4.7 
4.9 
4.9 
4.9 
4.9 
4.8 
4.8 
4.7 
4.8 
4.8 
4.3 
5.0 
4.9 
4.8 
4.9 
4.9 
4.4 
4.5 
4.5 
5.4 
4.5 


30.78 
30.98 
31.21 
31.64 
31.95 
32.45 
32.77 
33.20 
33.34 
33.87 
34.11 
34.22 
34.37 
34.64 
34.98 
35.09 
35.26 
35.78 
36.02 
36.37 
36.87 
37.04 
37.45 
37.77 
37.98 
38.51 
39.07 
38.62 
39.12 
39.32 
39.90 
40.68 
40.71 
40.72 
41.17 
41.40 


3.49 
3.46 
3.53 
3.57 
3.47 
3.63 
3.79 
3.86 
3.66 
3.83 
3.83 
3.78 
3.87 
3.75 
3.87 
3.83 
3.58 
4.01 
4.16 
4.18 
4.21 
4.08 
4.18 
4.29 
4.26 
4.05 
4.65 
4.34 
4.32 
4.70 
4.73 
4.63 
4.41 
4.38 
5.24 
4.78 


11.3 




11.2 




11.3 




11.3 




10.9 




11.2 




11.6 




11.6 




11.0 




11.3 




11.2 




11 




11.3 




10.8 




11.1 




10.9 




10.1 




11.2 




11.6 




11.5 




11.4 




11.0 




11.2 




11.3 




11.2 




10.5 




11.9 




11.2 




11 1 




12.0 


66 months, under 67 


11.8 




11.4 




10.8 




10.8 




12.7 


71 months, under 72 


11.6 







Table III. — Average statures and weights, by age, from birth to 6 years; white girls. 





White girls. 




Number. 


Stature. 


Weight. 




A verage 
stature 
(inches). 2 


Standard 
deviation 
(inches) .s 


Coeffi- 
cient of 
variation 
(per 

cent). 4 


Average 

weight 

(pounds). 2 


Standard 
deviation 
(pounds). 3 


Coeffi- 
cient of 
variation 

(per 
cent). 4 


Under 1 month 


543 20.89 
1,360 21.92 
1,631 23.09 
1, 835 23. 96 
1,791 1 24.72 


1.39 
1.30 
1.24 
1.27 
1.35 


6.6 
5.9 
5.4 
5.3 
5.5 


8.65 
10.14 
11.71 
13.05 
14.28 


1.72 
1.84 
1.92 
2.05 
2.25 


19.9 


1 month, under 2 


18.2 


2 months, under 3 i 


16 4 


3 months, under 4 


15.7 


4 months, under 5 


15.8 



1 Averages are not shown for 798 girls measured at ages 72 to 83 months, since the numbers at each age 
were too small to yield satisfactory averages. For equivalents in centimeters and kilograms see General 
Table 2, p. 86. The distribution of heights is given in General Table 4 and of weights in General 
Table 6. 

2 The "probable errors" of these averages are small. At under 1 month the probable error of average 
stature is 0.04 inch; from 1 to 11 months, 0.02, except at 7 months, 0.03; from 12 to 39 months, 0.03, except 
at 29, 31, 32 months, 0.04; from 40 to 59 months, 0.04; and from 60 to 71 months it ranges from 0.05 to 0.07 
inch. At under 1 month the "probable error" of average weight is 0.05 pound; from 1 to 59 months it 
ranges from 0.03 to 0.09; and from 60 to 71 months it ranges from 0.11 to 0.17 pound. For an explanation 
of the significance of this term see Appendix C, pp. 81-82. 

s See note 3, Table II, p. 18. 
4 See note 4, Table II, p. 18, 



20 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



Table III. — Average statures and weights, by age, from birth to 6 years; white girls- 

Concluded. 







White girls. 




Number. 


Stature. 




Weight. 




Age. 


Average 
stature 
(inches). 


Standard 
deviation 
(inches). 


Coeffi- 
cient of 
variation 
(per 

cent). 


Average 

weight 

(pounds). 


Standard 
deviation 
(pounds). 


Coeffi- 
cient of 
variation 
(per 

cent). 


5 months, 

6 months, 

7 months, 

8 months, 

9 months, 




1,701 

1,816 

1,800 

1,773 

1,773 

1,814 

1,656 

1,407 

1,293 

1,285 

1,275 

1,295 

1,179 

1,268 

1,266 

1,156 

1,192 

1, 163 

1,208 

1,276 

1,192 

1,249 

1,182 

1,232 

1,184 

1,167 

1,210 

1,142 

1,264 

1,219 

1,188 

1,204 

1,133 

1,124 

1,164 

1,152 

1,201 

1,103 

1,116 

1,167 

1,195 

1,236 

1,193 

1,269 

1,088 

1,137 

1,114 

1,154 

1,161 

1,048 

1,010 

995 

984 

1,016 

1,045 

634 

540 

572 

513 

478 

480 

471 

415 

402 

379 

409 

366 


25.40 
26.06 
26.57 
27.01 
27.45 
27.91 
28.33 
28. 70 
29.16 
29.50 
29.88 
30.22 
30.71 
31.20 
31.55 
31.88 
32.12 
32.36 
32.68 
32.99 
33.22 
33.57 
33.78 
34.06 
34.48 
34.79 
35.15 
35.23 
35.48 
35.80 
35.92 
36.21 
36.40 
36.63 
36.89 
37.05 
37.45 
37. 80 
37.93 
38.12 
38.29 
38.52 
38.58 
38.96 
39.12 
39.28 
39.32 
39.59 
39.92 
40.21 
40.40 
40.66 
40.76 
41.06 
41.11 
41.36 
41.71 
41.65 
41.91 
41.97 
42.27 
42.46 
42.61 
42.70 
43.03 
43. 39 
43.52 


1.4S 
1.54 
1.60 
1.53 
1.43 
1.50 
1.48 
1.42 
1.43 
1.43 
1.42 
1.49 
1.58 
1.71 
1.74 
1.72 
1.65 
1.63 
1.61 
1.57 
1.55 
1.51 
1.61 
1.68 
1.80 
1.74 
1.83 
1.81 
1.75 
1.72 
1.74 
1.72 
1.74 
1.71 
1.75 
1.81 
1.95 
1.85 
1.90 
1.85 
1.98 
1.86 
1.81 
1.89 
1.84 
1.83 
1.96 
1.88 
1.99 
1.95 
2.01 
2.09 
1.92 
1.95 
1.97 
1.97 
2.00 
2.06 
1.82 
2.13 
2.05 
2.16 
1.98 
1.97 
1.94 
2.07 
2.03 


5.8 
5.9 
5.9 
5.7 
5.2 
5.4 
5.2 
5.0 
4.9 
4.8 
4.8 
4.9 
5.1 
5.5 
5.5 
5.4 
5.1 
5.0 
4.9 
4. S 
4.7 
4.5 
4.8 
4.9 
5.2 
5.0 
5.2 
5.1 
4.9 
4.8 
4.8 
4.8 
4.8 
4.7 
4.7 
4.9 
5.2 
4.9 
5.0 
4.9 
5.2 
4.8 
4.7 
4.9 
4.7 
4.7 
5.0 
4.8 
5.0 
4.9 
5.0 
5.1 
4.7 
4.8 
4.8 
4.8 
4.8 
5.0 
4.3 
5.1 
4.8 
5.1 
4.6 
4.6 
4.5 
4.8 
4.7 


15.39 
16.25 
17.11 
17.75 
18.33 
18.94 
19.48 
19.87 
20.42 
20.72 
21.22 
21.59 
22.22 
22.77 
23.22 
23.63 
23.92 
24.34 
24.66 
25.08 
25. 39 
25.78 
26.13 
26.59 
26.99 
27.44 
27.94 
28. 07 
28.37 
28.93 
29.09 
29.54 
29.75 
29.97 
30. 39 
30.62 
31.14 
31.54 
31.91 
31.82 
32.24 
32.52 
32.64 
33.20 
33. 31 
33.54 
33.68 
34.12 
34.43 
34.79 
35.39 
35.65 
35.53 
36.11 
36.33 
36.75 
37.32 
36.99 
37.59 
37.84 
37. 94 
38. 68 
38.32 
38.81 
39.53 
40.17 
40.36 


2.36 

2.40 
2.59 
2.47 
2.42 
■ 2.51 
2.55 
2.47 
2.41 
2.51 
2.47 
2.64 
2.71 
2.74 
2.94 
2.90 
2.83 
2.84 
2.88 
3.03 
2.90 
2.95 
2.98 
3.27 
3.27 
3.39 
3.31 
3.49 
3.35 
3.42 
3.37 
3.49 
3.62 
3.50 
3.69 
3.67 
3.66 
3.80 
3.90 
3.62 
3.94 
3.76 
3.78 
3.97 
3.82 
3.84 
3.88 
4.16 
4.09 
4.12 
4.22 
4.31 
4.08 
4.21 
4.20 
4.21 
4.49 
4.39 
4.25 
4.58 
4.25 
4.81 
4.24 
4.37 
4.67 
5.03 
4.80 


15 4 




14 8 




15 1 


under 9 


13 9 




13 2 




13 3 






13 1 


12 months 




12 4 


13 months 




11 8 


14 months 




12 1 


15 months 




11 7 


16 months 


under 17 


12 2 


17 months 


under 18 


12 2 


18 months 


under 19 


12 


19 months 


under 20 


12 6 






12 3 


21 months 


under 22 


11 9 


22 months 


under 23 


11 7 


23 months 




11 7 


24 months 




12 1 


25 months 




11 4 


26 months 


under 27 


11 4 


27 months 




11 4 


28 months 


under 29 


12 3 


29 months 




12 1 


30 months 


under 31 


12 4 




under 32 


11 9 


32 months 




12 4 






11 8 


34 months 


under 35 


11 8 


35 months 


under 36 


11 6 


36 months 


under 37 


11 8 


37 months 


under 38 


12 2 


38 months 


under 39 


11.7 


39 months 


under 40 


12.2 


40 months 


under 41 


12 


41 months 




11.8 


42 months 


under 43 


12.0 


43 months 




12.2 


44 months 




11.4 


45 months 




12.2 


46 months 


under 47 


11.6 


47 months 


under 4S , , 


11.6 


48 months 




11.9 


49 months 


under 50 


11.5 


50 months 




11.5 


51 months 


under 52 


11.5 


52 months 


under 53 


12.2 


53 months 


under 54 


11.9 


54 months 


under 55 


11.8 


55 months 


under 56 


11.9 


56 months 


under 57 


12.1 


57 months 




11.5 


58 months 




11.6 


59 monthSj 




11.5 


60 months 


under 61 


11.4 


61 months 


under 62 


12.0 


62 months 


under 63 


11.9 


63 months 




11.3 


64 months 




12.1 


65 months 




11.2 


66 months 


under 67 


12.4 






11.1 






11.3 






11.8 






12 5 




under 72 


11 9 









STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 21 

Variability. 

Two measures of variability, one an absolute — the standard devia- 
tion — and the other a relative — the coefficient of variation — are pre- 
sented in Tables II and III. 

The standard deviation is a measure of how closely the figures for 
individual cases are grouped about the average. It gives a statement 
of the number of inches or pounds above and below the average 
within which roughly two-thirds of the measurements will be found 
to lie. 3 In general, a single measurement rarely varies from the 
average by more than three or four times the standard deviation. 
This deviation affords, then, a criterion for testing an individual case 
in comparison with the average. Other things being equal, a large 
standard deviation means that the individuals in the group differ 
more from one another than if the standard deviation were small. 
These deviations, calculated separately for the two sexes and for 
each age, show how the variability of the measurements changes with 
sex and age. 

The standard deviation, in general, increases with age; or, in non- 
technical language, the number of inches and pounds, as the case 
may be, within which the bulk of the individual measurements fall 
increases slightly as the age increases. For stature of boys the 
standard deviation, after an initial fall from 1.43 inches at under 1 
month to 1.25 at 2 months, rises to 1.97 inches at 71 months. A 
similar trend can be observed for girls; an initial fall from 1.39 inches 
at under 1 month to 1.24 at 2 months, and then a steady rise to 2.03 
inches at 71 months. For weight, the increase is from 1.77 pounds at 
under 1 month to 4.78 at 71 months for boys, and from 1.72 pounds 
at under 1 month to 4.80 pounds at 71 months for girls. The dif- 
ference in the standard deviations for boys and girls is probably not 
significant. Charts XIV and XV illustrate the variabilities of stat- 
ures and weights for boys aged 36 months. 

The relative measure of variability, the coefficient of variation, is 
also shown in Tables II and III. The standard deviation of stature 
or weight is an absolute measure of variability and is expressed in 
inches or pounds; the coefficient of variation is a relative measure, 
found by dividing the standard deviation by the average height or 
weight, and expressing the result as a percentage. For the age 
group studied, the standard deviations increase with age, but the 
coefficients of variation found by dividing them by the greater 
average statures and weights decrease with age. 

The coefficient of variation for stature decreases from 6.7 per cent 
at under 1 month to 4.5 at 71 months for boys, and from 6.6 per cent 

3 The standard deviation is equal to the square root of the mean squared deviation from the average. 



22 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 

at under 1 month to 4.7 at 71 months for girls. The decrease is most 
marked in the early months after birth. 

For weight the coefficient of variation decreases from 19.4 per cent 
at under 1 month to 11.6 at 71 months for boys, and from 19.9 per 
cent at under 1 month to 11.9 at 71 months for girls. Again the 
principal decrease appears in the first 12 months of life. 

In part explanation of these changes in variability the following 
points may be mentioned. The decrease in the coefficient of varia- 
tion is largely the result merely of the fact that growth proceeds at a 
faster rate than increase in absolute variability. The decrease in 
absolute variability in stature which is suggested by the figures dur- 
ing the first two months may be explained, perhaps, by the elimina- 
tion of children at the lowest extreme of variation; as, for example, 
by the deaths of infants prematurely born. It is well known that 
the mortality in the first month of life is exceptionally heavy as 
compared with that in subsequent months, and the mortality of 
infants prematurely born is much greater than of infants born at 
full term. No data are available, unfortunately, to show to what 
•extent these considerations apply to the children selected for 
tabulation. 4 

After the first two months in case of stature, as already stated, 
and from the first month in case of weight variability as measured 
in absolute terms increases. The explanation of this tendency is 
probably to be found in individual differences in growth, some 
individuals growing rapidly and others being retarded in growth. 
One important factor in causing retardation in growth is sickness. 
Charts of the growth of individuals show clearly the marked influence 
of serious illness upon weight, and to a less extent upon stature. It 
is impossible to determine to what extent sickness as a factor applies 
to the groups selected for tabulation. No children who were noted as 
sick at the time of measurement were included in the tabulation; 
but, on the other hand, no specific questions as to recent illnesses were 
asked. In this connection the presence of defects or abnormal con- 
ditions as a factor influencing growth should be mentioned, and for 
further discussion of this point the reader is referred to page 67. 
Other factors, however, are doubtless of very great importance in 
influencing growth, such as favorable or unfavorable environment, 
fresh air, wholesome food, rest, and play — to mention only a few — 
and obviously differences in these conditions may produce differ- 
ences in rates of growth. Finally, heredity or racial influences play 
an- important part. 

< If mortality exercises a definite selective influence upon the group from which children of the older 
ages are drawn, obviously differences in the averages at different ages represent the combined result of 
growth plus selection. This is a defect in the method of comparing averages based upon single measure- 
ments of children at different ages, which has been pointed out by Boas, Westergaard, and others. 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 23 

Growth. 

In" Tables IV and V the average growth in a month and the aver- 
age growth in a year are shown. These figures were found by sub- 
tracting the statures and weights of the given month, in the one case, 
from the statures and weights of the succeeding month, and in the 
other from those of 12 months later. The figures showing the monthly 
growth have been smoothed to eliminate fluctuations due to chance 
variations. 5 Charts III and IV show the information graphically. 

The average monthly growth in stature decreases rapidly. For 
boys it drops from 1.31 inches of growth between the first and second 
months to 0.40 inch between the twelfth and thirteenth months and 
0.18 inch between the sixtieth and sixty-first months, and for girls 
from 1.03 inches of growth between the first and second months to 
0.39 inch between the twelfth and thirteenth months and to 0.18 inch 
between the sixtieth and sixty-first months. Very little difference 
appears between the sexes. . 

The average monthly growth in weight also decreases rapidly, 
especially during the first year of life. For boys it falls from 1.77 
pounds growth between the first and second months to 0.50 pound 
between the twelfth and thirteenth months and to 0.29 pound between 
the sixtieth and sixty-first months, and for girls from 1.49 pounds 
growth between the first and second months to 0.47 pound between 
the twelfth and thirteenth months and to 0.29 pound between the 
sixtieth and sixty-first months. Throughout the period there appears 
to be a gradual slowing down in the rate of growth both in stature 
and in weight. 

When the averages for each month are compared with those 12 
months later, the difference measures the yearly growth. This 
method has the advantage that in taking the growth over a longer 
period the irregularities that appear in comparing the averages with 
those of next succeeding months are automatically smoothed. The 
figures show the same general trend as those based on monthly 
changes — a decrease in the growth most marked during the months 
immediately following birth. 

The average annual growth in stature decreases for boys from 8.2 
inches during the first year of life to 4.2 inches during the second and 
to 2.4 inches during the sixth. The figures for girls are substantially 
the same except for the early months. Thus the yearly growth of 
girls falls from 7.9 inches during the first to 4.3 inches during the 
second and 2.4 inches during the sixth year of life. 

6 As explained previously, the method of smoothing was to replace each figure by a new one derived by 
taking one-fifth the sum of the figure itself, the two preceding, and the two following. This process was 
repeated upon the figures secured from the first smoothing; then the final smoothed figures were reduced 
proportionally so that the sum of the smoothed figures should equal the sum of the original figures. 
The first two and the last two figures were kept unchanged. 



24 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



Table IV. — Monthly growth in stature and weight, by sex and age; white children. 







Difference in 


average 


at specified and at succeeding month. 




Boys. 


Girls. 


Age. 


Stature 
(inches). 


Weight 
(pounds). 


Stature 
(inches). 


Weight 
(pounds). 


■6 
s 

o 
o 

a 

co 


•a 

3 

-3" 

OS 

a 
P 


i 

"o 
o 

a 

co 


S 

3 
C3 

a 
P 


-3 
S 

.4 
o 
o 

a 

to 


T3 
O 

3 

-5" 

C3 
3 
P 


■6 

JS 

o 
o 

a 

CO 


■d 
s 

3 

0) 

a 
P 


Under 1 m 

1 month, u 

2 months, 

3 months, 

4 months, 

5 months, 

6 months, 

7 months, 

8 months, 

9 months, 




(1.31) 
(1.11) 
.97 
.83 
.72 
.62 
.55 
.49 
.45 
.43 
.42 
.41 
.40 
.39 
.38 
.38 
.37 
.37 
.35 
.33 
.32 
.30 
.28 
.28 
.27 
.27 
.27 
.28 
.28 
.28 
v. .27 
.25 
.23 
.22 
.22 
.21 
.22 
.22 
.23 
.23 
.24 
.24 
.24 
.22 
.21 
.19 
.18 
.16 
.17 
.17 
.18 
.19 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.21 
.20 
.19 
.18 
.17 
.18 
.18 
.18 
.20 
.20 
.20 
.20 
.19 
.22 
(.16) 
(.39) 


1.31 
1.11 
.95 
.82 
.73 
.60 
.53 
.38 
.43 
.45 
.44 
.45 
.37 
.42 
.27 
.47 
.37 
.51 
.35 
.22 
.30 
.41 
.18 
.37 
.30 
.18 
.27 
.20 
.40 
.36 
.29 
.25 
.18 
.13 
.32 
.19 
.23 
.19 
.22 
.23 
.29 
.26 
.29 
.23 
.26 
.11 
.21 
.02 
.30 
.18 
.12 
.10 
.34 
.22 
.29 
.21 
.24 
.06 
.22 
.11 
.36 
.14 

-.05 
.29 
.25 
.34 
.29 

-.02 
.12 
.16 
.39 


(1.77) 
(1.73) 
1.46 
1.30 
1.13 
.97 
.84 
.73 
.64 
.59 
.54 
.51 
.50 
.49 
.47 
.47 
.47 
.46 
.44 
.42 
.41 
.39 
.37 
.37 
.37 
.36 
.37 
.38 
.39 
.38 
.37 
.36 
.32 
.30 
.29 
.28 
.29 
.30 
.33 
.34 
.35 
.35 
.34 
.31 
.29 
.26 
.23 
.22 
.23 
.23 
.24 
.27 
.30 
.31 
.33 
.34 
.33 
.34 
.32 
.31 
.29 
.28 
.27 
.30 
.31 
.33 
.34 
.36 
.33 
.45 
.23 


1.77 
1.73 
1.51 
1.20 
1.26 
.94 
.79 
.65 
.48 
.69 
.54 
.52 
.48 
.55 
.23 
.60 
.56 
.54 
.53 
.11 
.50 
.57 
.17 
.45 
.55 
.14 
.37 
.31 
.56 
.52 
.25 
.50 
.19 
.28 
.35 
.29 
.20 
.23 
.43 
.31 
.50 
.32 
.43 
.14 
.53 
.24 
.11 
.15 
.27 
.34 
.11 
.17 
.52 
.24 
.35 
.50 
.17 
.41 
.32 
.21 
.53 
.56 
-.45 
.50 
.20 
.57 
.78 
.03 
.01 
.45 
.23 


(1.03) 
(1.17) 
.91 
.S3 
.70 
.62 
.55 
.50 
.46 
.44 
.41 
.40 
.39 
.39 
.39 
.39 
.39 
.38 
.36 
.33 
.31 
.29 
.28 
.28 
.28 
.29 
.29 
.29 
.29 
.29 
.27 
.25 
.24 
.23 
.22 
.22 
.23 
.24 
.24 
.25 
.25 
.24 
.22 
.21 
.20 
.19 
.18 
.19 
.19 
.19 
.20 
.22 
.22 
.23 
.22 
.22 
.21 
.19 
.18 
.18 
.18 
.17 
.17 
.17 
.17 
.18 
.20 
.23 
.22 
(-36) 
(.13) 


1.03 
1.17 
.87 
.76 
.68 
.66 
.51 
.44 
.44 
.46 
.42 
.37 
.46 
.34 
.38 
.34 
.49 
.49 
.35 
.33 
.24 
.24 
.32 
.31 
.23 
.35 
.21 
.28 
.42 
.31 
.36 
.08 
.25 
.32 
.12 
.29 
.19 
.23 
.26 
.16 
.40 
.35 
.13 
.19 
.17 
.23 
.06 
.38 
.16 
.16 
.04 
.27 
.33 
.29 
.19 
.26 
.10 
.30 
.05 
.25 
.35 
-.06 
.26 
.06 
.30 
.19 
.15 
.09 
.33 
.36 
.13 


(1.49) 
(1.57) 
1.32 
1.22 
1.07 
.94 
.83 
.72 
.64 
.58 
.53 
.48 
.47 
.45 
.46 
.46 
.47 
.46 
.45 
.42 
.39 
.38 
.36 
.36 
.37 
.38 
.39 
.39 
.39 
.39 
.37 
.35 
.34 
.34 
.32 
.31 
.31 
.31 
.33 
.33 
.33 
.32 
.29 
.27 
.27 
.26 
.25 
.27 
.26 
.26 
.28 
.32 
.31 
.33 
.33 
.31 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.29 
.29 
.29 
.28 
.29 
.33 
.32 
.40 
.39 
(.64) 
(.19) 


1.49 


nder2 


1.57 




1.34 




1.23 


under 5 


1.11 




.86 




.86 


under 8 


.64 




.58 




.61 




.54 


11 months 


under 12 


.39 






.55 


13 months 




.30 






.50 




under 16 


.37 






.63 






.55 






.45 






.41 


20 months 




.29 


21 months 


under 22 


.42 






.32 


23 months 


under 24 


.42 






.31 






.39 






.35 


27 months 


under 28 


.46 


28 months 




.40 


29 months 


under 30 


.45 


30 months 


under 31 


.50 




under 32 


.13 






.30 


33 months 




.56 






.16 






.45 




under 37 


.21 


37 months 




.22 


38 months 


under 39 


.42 






.23 






.52 






.40 


42 months 




.37 






—.09 






.42 






.28 






.12 






.56 


48 months 




.11 






.23 






.14 






.44 






.31 






.36 






.60 


55 months 


under 56 


.26 

—.12 






.58 






.22 






.42 






.57 






—.33 






.60 






25 






. 10 






.74 




under 67 


— 36 






.49 






.72 






.64 






.19 









STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 



25 



The average annual growth in weight decreases for boys from 12.1 
pounds during the first year of life to 5.3 pounds during the second 
and to a minimum of about 3.2 pounds during the year following the 
forty-third month of life. For girls the growth falls from 11.3 pounds 
during the first year to 5.2 pounds during the second and to a low 




point of about 3.3 pounds during the year following the forty- third 
month. After this point the average yearly growth for both sexes 
appears to rise slightly, reaching nearly 4 pounds at 5 years of age, 
though the figures for the last year shown are more subject to fluctua- 
tions on account of the relatively smaller numbers upon which the 
averages are based. The tendency for the rate of growth in weight 



26 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



Inches or pounds Chart IV. — Yearly growth in stature and weight, by sex and age. 

14 



12 



10 



























\ 
\ 

w 
























I 






















- 




A 
























i V 




< ^!^- 

^-V 


/N 


" N ">C'\_^ 


























- V\ 




A 


^ 


v X?Vi 


V. 

































Months 5 10 15 
Boys' statures 



20 25 30 35 40 

Boys' weights 

Girls' statures — x — -Xr x Girls' weights - 



45 50 55 60 



Pounds 
50 



40 



Chart V. — Weight for stature, by sex. 



30 



20 



10 



Inches 20 






24 



28 32 

Boys 

Girls 



36 



40 



44 48 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 



27 



to increase toward the close of the age period studied is shown more 
clearly in the graphs. 

Table V. — Twelvemonths' groivih in stature and weight, by sex and age; white children. 



Age. 



Difference in average at specified age and 
12 months older. 



Boys. 



Stature 
(inches). 



Weight 
(pounds) . 



Girls. 



Stature 
(inches). 



Weight 
(pounds) . 



Under 1 month 

1 month, under 2 

2 months, under 3. . . 

3 months, under 4. . . 

4 months, under 5. . . 

5 months, under 6. . . 

6 months, under 7. . . 

7 months, under 8. . . 

8 months, under 9. . . 

9 months, under 10. . 

10 months, under 11, 
11 7 aonths, under 12 
12 months, under 13 
1? months, under 14 

14 months, under 15 

15 months, under 16 

16 months, under 17 

17 months, under 18 

18 months, under 19 

19 months, under 20 

20 months, under 21. 

21 months, under 22 

22 months, under 23 

23 months, under 24 

24 months, under 25 

25 months, under 26 

26 months, under 27 

27 months, under 28 

28 months, under 29 

29 months, under 30 

30 months, under 31 

31 months, under 32 

32 months, under 33 

33 months, under 34 

34 months, under 35 

35 months, under 36 

36 months, under 37 

37 months, under 38 

38 months, under 39 

39 months, under 40 

40 months, under 41 

41 months, under 42 

42 months, under 43 

43 months, under 44 

44 months, under 45 

45 months, under 46 

46 months, under 47 

47 months, under 48 

48 months, under 49 

49 months, under 50 

50 months, under 51 

51 months, under 52 

52 months, under 53 

53 months, under 54 

54 months, under 55 

55 months, under 56 

56 months, under 57. 

57 months, under 58 

58 months, under 59 

59 months, under 60 



8.2 
7.3 
6.6 
5.9 
5.5 
5.2 
5.1 
4.9 
4.7 
4.6 
4.6 
4.3 
4.2 
4.2 
3.9 
3.9 
3.7 
3.7 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.4 
3.1 
3.3 
3.1 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
2.9 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.7 
2.5 
2.6 
2.6 
2.5 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.2 
2.3 
2.3 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.2 
2.4 
2.3 
2.5 
2.5 
2.2 
2.1 
2.2 
2.4 



12.1 
10.8 
9.6 
8.3 
7.7 
7.0 
6.6 
6.4 
5.8 
5.8 
5.7 
5.3 
5.3 
5.4 
4.9 
5.1 
4.8 
4.8 
4.8 
4.5 
4.9 
4.6 
4.3 
4.5 
4.3 
4.0 
4.1 
4.1 
4.1 
4.1 
3.9 
4.0 
3.7 
4.0 
4.0 
3.7 
3.6 
3.7 
3.8 
3.5 
3.3 
3.3 
3.3 
3.2 
3.5 
3.2 



3.3 
3.5 
3.6 
3.9 
4.1 
3.5 
3.9 
3.5 
3.9 
4.3 
3.8 
3.7 
3.7 
3.6 



7.9 
7.2 
6.4 
5.9 
5.5 
5.3 
5.1 
5.0 
4.9 
4.7 
4.5 
4.3 
4.3 
4.1 
4.1 
3.9 
3.8 
3.8 
3.6 
3.6 
3.3 
3.4 
3.4 
3.2 
3.2 
3.2 
3.1 
3.1 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
2.8 
2.9 
2.8 
2.7 
2.7 
2.8 
2.7 
2.7 
2.4 
2.5 
2.5 
2.4 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.4 
2.6 
2.4 
2.6 
2.4 
2.4 
2.2 
2.2 
2.0 
2.3 
2.3 
2.4 



11.3 
10.3 
9.0 
8.2 
7.3 
6.8 
6.5 
6.1 
5.9 
5.6 
5.4 
5.2 
5.2 
5.0 
5.1 
4.9 
5.0 
4.8 
4.7 
4.7 
4.4 
4.4 
4.6 
4.4 
4.5 
4.4 
4.2 
4.3 
4.0 
4.1 
4.1 
4.0 
3.8 
3.9 
3.6 
3.5 
3.7 
3.6 
3.6 
3.3 
3.5 
3.3 
3.3 
3.5 
3.8 
3.3 
3.6 
3.7 
3.6 
4.0 
3.4 
3.9 
3.7 
3.5 
3.9 
2.9 
3.2 
4.0 
4.1 
4.0 



Weight for stature. 

In Table VI average weights are shown for boys and girls of dif- 
ferent statures. The previous tables have shown that boys were not 
only taller on the average, but that they weighed more than girls of 



28 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 

the same ages. In this table it appears that boys are not only- 
heavier than girls of the same ages, but are also heavier than girls of 
the same statures. These facts are shown graphically in Chart V. 

Of special interest is the fact that the standard deviations of weight 
are much smaller when the weights are classified by inches of stature 
than when they are classified by ages. The coefficients of variation 
are also markedly less. Thus, from 29 to 47 inches, including roughly 
children aged from 12 to 71 months, the variability of the weights for 
boys decreases from about 10 per cent to 7 per cent, while that for girls 
decreases from about 10 per cent to between 8 and 9 per cent. When 
classified by age, on the other hand, the variabilities of the weights 
of these children were around 10 and 12 per cent. It follows that 
for the range of ages and statures included in the group studied, the 
weights of children, or the average weight of a group can be more accu- 
rately predicted if their statures are known than if only their ages 
are known. The relative variabilities of weights when classified by 
age and by stature are shown in Charts XV and XVI for boys 36 
months of age and for boys 37 inches in stature. 

The coefficients of variation given in Table VI can be used to 
illumine the meaning of such a statement as that an individual 
child is, for example, 10 per cent below average weight for height. 
At 28 inches the standard deviation — or the number of pounds 
above or below the average within which roughly two-thirds of the 
measurements fall — is 10 per cent for girls and approximately the 
same for boys. At this stature about one-sixth, then, of all the 
cases will fall 10 per cent or more below average weight for height. 
It is clear, however, from the way in which the coefficient of varia- 
tion increases below this stature and decreases above it, that at 
other heights the proportion falling below a dividing line so defined 
will vary considerably from this percentage. A much larger pro- 
portion of children whose statures are under 28 inches, and a much 
smaller proportion of those whose statures are over 28 inches, will 
be more than 10 per cent below average weight for height. In other 
words, the statistical significance of being 10 per cent below average 
weight for height differs considerably with the stature, depending 
at each inch of stature upon the distribution of cases about the 
average. 

The standard deviation offers, in a sense, a convenient standard 
by which to define a zone of ordinary variation. Such zones might 
be variously defined; the distance of the boundary lines from the 
average might, for example, be equal to, or it might be some multiple 
or some fractional part of the standard deviation. The lines in 
Charts XII and XIII show zones whose boundaries are distant from 
the average by an amount equal to the standard deviation. The 
material available on the records throws no light on the question 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 



29 



whether a zone so denned, as applied to children of different ages, 
has a uniform significance in terms of nutrition or physical condition. 

Table VI. — Average weights, by stature and sex; white children under 7 years of age. 1 





White boys. 


White girls. 


Stature (inches) . 2 


oj 


id 

60 

<S o 
hoX. 

0J 

> 

< 


d i 

o> 55 
o> > 

d «is 
Q 


d 

03„ 

t* i 

u o 
<S ft 

d 

03 

3a 


'C • 
>t 
o o 

P rv 

S d 
fc ° 
o 
a 


d 

o 

d 

t. GO 

p. a 
o 

ss 

'53 


0J 

,0 


+3 
d 

fed 
OJ^, 

o § 
o3°» 
0J 

> 

< 


So3 

^ 03 --^ 
03 T3 
•Cffid 

®.£; o 

d^S 

£§« 
55 o y 

*%%% 


d 
_o 
'■+j 

a3„ 
•&& 

-a 3 

f-i o 

03 ft 

TJ — ' 

d 

03 

5a 


03 -TJ 

>x 

vh © 
O © 

gft 

11 

OJtJ 

o 


d 

o 

d 

0JT3 

1 

ss 

'55 


20 


206 
486 
905 
1,352 
1,994 
2,496 
3,068 
3,525 
3, 775 
3,605 
3,671 
3,834 
3,803 
4,075 
4,533 
4,698 
5,159 
5,074 
5,265 
5,133 
4,769 
4,181 
3,393 
2,312 
1,598 
857 
423 
193 


8.19 
9.47 
10.55 
11.94 
13.47 
15.01 
16.60 
18.03 
19.39 
20.68 
21.98 
23.24 
24.56 
25.80 
27.12 
28.41 
29.72 
31.09 
32.44 
33.84 
35.28 
36.83 
38.38 
40.13 
41.73 
43.50 
45.41 
47.29 


1.28 
1.08 
1.39 
1.53 
1.54 
1.59 
1.43 
1.36 
1.29 
1.30 
1.26 
1.32 
1.24 
1.32 
1.29 
1.31 
1.37 
1.35 
1.40 
1.44 
1.55 
1.55 
1.75 
1.60 
1.77 
1.91 
1.88 


1.36 
1.61 
1.58 
1.73 
1.81 
1.93 
1.93 
1.94 
1.99 
2.00 
2.03 
2.11 
2.22 
2.29 
2.46 
2.55 
2.69 
2.65 
2.66 
2.73 
2.83 
2.88 
2.94 
3.05 
3.16 
3.22 
3.32 
3.35 


16.7 
17.0 
14.9 
14.5 
13.5 
12.9 
11.6 
10.7 
10.3 
9.7 
9.2 
9.1 
9.0 
8.9 
9.1 
9.0 
9.1 
8.5 
8.2 
8.1 
8.0 
• 7.8 
7.7 
7.6 
7.6 
7.4 
7.3 
7.1 


0.41 
.45 
.48 
.52 
.56 
.60 
.64 
.67 
.69 
.71 
.73 
.75 
.77 
.78 
.80 
.81 
.83 
.84 
.85 
.87 
.88 
.90 
.91 
.93 
.95 
.97 
.99 

1.01 


310 
654 
1,121 
1,635 
2,318 
2,866 
3,179 
3,561 
3,471 
3,425 
3,563 
3,750 
3,805 
3,951 
4,405 
4,596 
4,919 
4,974 
4,973 
4,823 
4,505 
3,894 
3,002 
2,020 
1,341 
703 
349 
143 


8.13 
9.28 
10.53 
11.88 
13.33 
14.82 
16.35 
17.66 
19.01 
20.20 
21.30 
22.60 
23.81 
25.06 
26.41 
27.75 
29.13 
30.37 
31.71 
32.99 
34.49 
36.02 
37.49 
39.23 
40.94 
42.79 
45.00 
46.85 


1.15 
1.25 
1.35 
1.45 
1.49 
1.53 
1.31 
1.35 
1.19 
1.10 
1.30 
1.21 
1.25 
1.35 
1.34 
1.38 
1.24 
1.34 
1.28 
1.50 
1.53 
1.47 
1.74 
1.71 
1.85 
2.21 
1.85 


1.33 

1.49 
1.82 
1.65 
1.74 
1.82 
1.88 
1.92 
1.92 
2.01 
2.03 
2.11 
2.23 
2.28 
2.45 
2.54 
2.67 
2.67 
2.75 
2.81 
2.87 
3.04 
3.06 
3.29 
3.24 
3.40 
3.70 
4.16 


16.4 
16.0 
17.2 
13.9 
13.1 
12.3 
11.5 
10.9 
10.1 
9.9 
9.5 
9.4 
9.4 
9.1 
9.3 
9.1 
9.2 
8.8 
8.7 
8.5 
8.3 
8.4 
8.2 
8.4 
7.9 
8.0 
8.2 
8.9 


0.41 


21 


.44 


22 


.48 


23 


.52 


24 


.56 


25 


.59 


26 


.63 


27 


.65 


28 


.68 


29 


.70 


30 


.71 


31 


.73 


32 


.74 


33 


.76 


34 


.78 


35 


.79 


36 


.81 


37 


.83 


38 


.83 


39 


.85 


40 


.86 


41 


.88 


42 


.89 


43 


.91 


44 


.98 


45 


.95 


46 


.98 


47 


1.00 







1 Averages are not shown for 83 boys and 121 girls who were under 20 inches high, or for 109 boys and 
72 girls who were 48 inches and over, since the numbers at each stature are too small to give satisfactory 
averages. For equivalents in centimeters and kilograms see General Table 21, p. 107. The distribution 
of weights for each inch in stature is shown in General Table 7 for boys and in General Table 8 for girls. 

2 Thestatures are classified to the nearest inch; casesfalling on the" dividing line between classes were 
divided equally and half were classed with the unit above and half with the unit below— "20 inches" 
means 19.5 to 20.5; " 21 inches," 20.5 to 21 .5, etc. 

3 The "probable errors" of these average weights are small. For boys at 20 inches the probable error 
was 0.06 pound; at 21 inches, 0.05; at 22 inches, 0.04; from 23 to 25 inches, 0.03; from 26 to 34 
inches, 0.02; from 35 to 42 inches, 0.03, except at 38 inches, 0.02; at 43 inches, 0.04; at 44, 0.05; at 45, 
0.07; at 46,0.11; and at 47 inches, 0.16 pound. For girls, at 20 inches the probable error was 0.05 pound; 
at 21 and 22incb.es, 0.04; at23inches,0.03; from 24 to 33 inches, 0.02; from 34 to 41 inches, 0.03; at42inches, 
0.04; at 43, 0.05; at 44, 0.06; at 45, 0.09; at 46, 0.13; and at 47 inches, 0.23 pound. For the explanation of 
thisterm see appendix, pp. 81-82. 

4 The jstandard deviation is equal to the square root of the mean squared deviation from the average. 

5 The coefficient of variation is found by dividing the standard deviation by the average and expressing 
the result as a percentage. F=100— 

Table VI shows also the increase in weight for each inch of stature. 
Between 20 and 21 inches the increase in weight for an inch of stature 
is 1.28 pounds for boys and 1.15 pounds for girls; it rises to 1.88 
pounds for boys and 1.85 pounds for girls between 46 and 47 inches. 
The weight per inch columns state this tendency in another way. 
The gain in pounds is proportionately greater than the gain in 
inches, and the weight per inch rises from 0.41 pound per inch for 
both boys and girls at 20 inches to 1.01 pounds per inch for boys 



30 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



and 1 pound per inch for girls at 47 inches. The gain is proportion- 
ately greater below 26 inches than at higher statures. 

Weight for stature and age. 

In Tables VII and VIII the relation between weight, stature, and age 
is shown for boys and girls separately. Under 1 year of age the older 



Pounds. 
50 



Chart VI. — Weight for stature and age; boys. 



40 



30 






22- 

aal 




10 




children appear to weigh slightly more than the younger children 
of the same stature. After the first year of life is passed, however, 
and within the limits of the ages included in the study, practically 
no difference in weight for height appears between the older and the 
younger children of the same statures. Only at the extremes is a 
slight variation noticeable; the children who are exceptionally tall 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 



31 



for their ages appear to weigh very slightly less, and the children 
who are exceptionally short for their ages appear to weigh somewhat 
more, than average children of the same heights. It should be noted, 
however, that the groups which show this tendency are usually much 
smaller than the others, and it may well be that with a larger number 



Chart VII. — Weight for stature and age; girls. 




Years 



of cases the differences between the average weights of the children 
who are exceptionally advanced or exceptionally retarded in growth 
and those of average children would be lessened or even disappear. 
Charts VI and VII show in graphic form the relation of average 
weights to height and age. 



32 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 






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STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 



33 

































(38. 51) 
(89) 

40.05 
(97) 

42.07 
(137) 

44.21 
(135) 

(45. 47) 
(78) 

(47.25) 
(59) 
















(33. 33) 
(98) 

33.90 
(200) 

35.29 

(477) 

36.96 
(809) 

38.34 
(998) 

40.18 
(1,073) 

41.67 
(911) 

43. 43 
(518) 

45.48 
(287) 

47.27 
(114) 




(29. 65) 
(81) 

30.51 
(247) 

31.22 

(592) 

32.38 
(1,256) 

33.70 
(2,044) 

35.19 
(2,519) 

36.74 

(2,478) 

38.37 
(1,902) 

40.06 
(1,008) 

41. 59 

(507) 

43.28 
091) 

(45. 09) 
(53) 






(27. 25) 
(98) 

27.62 
(349) 

28.52 
(841) 

29.77 
(1,884) 

31.03 
(2,633) 

32.44 
(2,965) 

33.99 
(2, 494) 

35.44 
(1,606) 

36.98 
(787) 

38.54 
(372) 

40.36 
(125) 


















26.36 
(1,811) 

27.14 
(2,881) 

28.38 
(3,239) 

29.65 
(2, 756) 

31.15 
(1,715) 

32.43 
(908) 

33.51 
(375) 

35.23 
(136) 

(36. 33) 
(55) 


























25.69 
(2,057) 

26.84 
(1,245) 

28.24 
(524) 

29.29 

(258) 

(30. 52) 
(86) 










































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































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34 



STATUSES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



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STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 



35 







































37.53 
(102) 

39.37 
(137) 

41.01 
(162) 

42.94 
(126) 


O^ 




























31.76 

(111) 

33.32 
(291) 

34.61 
(576) 

35.91 
(907) 

37.34 
(1,111) 

39.17 
(1,034) 

40.92 
(769) 

42.53 
(436) 

45. 08 
(224) 

(46. 67) 
(87) 






(28. 59) 
(52) 

28.42 
(132) 

29.00 
(364) 

30.52 

(783) 

31.65 

(1,555) 

32.82 
(2, 230) 

34.42 
(2,615) 

35.96 
(2,393) 

37.62 
(1,519) 

39.22 
(769) 

40.94 
(376) 

42.60 
(134) 










25.98 
(183) 

26.47 
(507) 

27.93 
(1,214) 

29.09 
(2,191) 

30.34 

(2, 893) 

31.76 

(2,758) 

33.14 
(2,053) 

34.61 
(1,190) 

36.46 
(514) 

37.43 

(254) 

(38. 48) 
(72) 


















25.04 
(2, 260) 

26.39 
(3,059) 

27.62 
(2,907) 

29.08 
(2,181) 

29.49 
(1,211) 

31.63 

(522) 

32.86 
(226) 

(34. 19) 
(80) 






























24.95 
(1,415) 

26.07 
(758) 

27.45 
(332) 

29.24 
(150) 

(29. 83) 
(57) 






























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































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36 



STATUEES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



Comparison with other series. 

For the ages included in this study the series of average statures 
and weights which, excepting the present, is based upon the largest 
numbers is that prepared by Dr. F. S. Crum for the American Medical 
Association. 6 As already stated, these measurements were printed 
on the children's year card to furnish a standard for the ages from 
6 to 48 months, with which parents could compare the actual statures 
and weights of their children. The series was based on a much 
smaller number of children, 10,423, than are included in the children's 

Chart VIII. — Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's 

averages; boys' statures. 




year tables. When Dr. Crum's figures are subdivided by sex and by 
age in months,' therefore, they give relatively small numbers in each 
group. This is especially true of ages over 3 years; at these ages the 
numbers for each sex and age group range from 9 to 90, averaging 
about 28. The children were selected from 31 different States. 

A summary statement of the differences between Dr. Crum's 
figures and those compiled from the children's year material is given 
in Table IX, and the differences are shown graphically in Charts 

6 Anthropometric Statistics of Children— Ages 6 to 4S months. Frederick S. Crum, Publications of 
the American Statistical Association, Vol. XV, 1916-1917, pp. 332-336. 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 



37 



VIII to XIII. In Dr. Cram's table the statures are slightly above 
those in the children's year tables, the excess averaging nearly a 
quarter of an inch for. boys and a fifth of an inch for girls. The 
difference is greatest at from 3 to 4 years of age, but even here it is 
only two-fifths of an inch for boys and three-tenths of an inch for 
girls. Dr. Crum's averages at these ages, it may be pointed out, 
are based on relatively few cases. The percentage excess is only 
0.7 for boys and 0.6 for girls. 

Chart IX. — Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's 

averages; girls' statures. 
Inches 




Months 6 



The excess in weight is somewhat greater, averaging about 15 
ounces for boys and 12 ounces for girls. These average excesses 
amount to about 3.5 per cent of the weights. The average excess 
in weight is much smaller for the age groups from 6 to 12 months, 
only 6 and 4 ounces for boys and girls, respectively, and increases 
with age to slightly over a pound. The percentage excess, however, 
is fairly constant, ranging from 3 to 4 per cent. 

The explanation of these differences probably lies in differences in 
the method of selection of the cases which formed the basis of the 
two series. The smaller series is based upon infants who were 
brought for baby health conferences, or "baby shows," in many of 



38 



STATUEES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDKEN. 



which prizes were given the most perfectly developed children, and 
there may well have been a tendency to bring only the more well- 
developed babies. The children's year campaign was conducted 
without any such element of competition, and mothers of all classes 
in all States brought their children to be weighed and measured. 

Another series of statures and weights of American children up to 
4 years of age is that given by Dr. L. Emmett Holt in Diseases of 

Chart X. — Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's 

averages; boys' weights. 
Pounds 

* 50 



30 



II ^^ , 

A r 



Months 6 



12 



24 



42 



48 



54 



60 



72 



Children's year — 
Crura — 

Holt (1916).... # 



Holt (1919) © 

Holt (1916 and 1919) * 
Bowditch ■ 



Infancy and Childhood. Two series of averages between 6 months 
and 4 years of age have been published; the earlier one is contained 
in the editions of 1916 and preceding years and the later one in the 
edition of 1919. Both series are based upon children weighed and 
measured in private practice. The number of children upon which 
the later series was based was about 2,000. A comparison between 
the children's year figures and these two series is shown in Charts 
VIII to XIII. 



STATURES AND "WEIGHTS. 



39 



Chart XI. — Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's 

averages; girls' weights. 
Pounds 
50 



40 



30 



20 



10 



^^^^^ ^_____ _____ ______ ______ „_____ -_. 

■ 



o 

Months 6 



12 



1« 



24 



30 



36 



42 



48 



54 



60 



72 



Children's year — 

Crum — 

Holt (1916) ... © 



Holt (1919) O 

Holt (1916 and 1919) * 
Bowditch B 



Table IX.— Comparison of average stature and iveight of "10,423 normal babies in SI 
States" with averages for all white children included in stature and weight tabulation. 





White boys. 


White giil". 


Age. 


Stature. 


"Weight. 


Stature. 


Weight. 


Average 

excess 

(inches). 1 


Per 
cent 

ex- 
cess. 


Average 

excess 

(pounds).i 


Per 
cent 
ex- 
cess. 


Average 

excess 

(inches). 1 


Per 
cent 

ex- 
cess. 


Average 

excess 

(pounds). 1 


Per 
cent 
ex- 
cess. 




+0.23 


+0.7 


+0.94 


+3.6 


+0.19 


+0.6 


+0.78 


+3.5 






6 months, under 12 


+ .01 
+ .18 
+ .21 
+ .39 


+ .1 
+ .6 
+ .6 

+ 1.1 


+ .37 
+ .88 
+ 1.02 
+ 1.03 


+3.9 
+3.7 
+3.6 
+3.4 


- .01 
+ .04 
+ .31 
+ .31 


- .0 
+ .1 
+ .9 
+ .9 


+ .27 
+ .75 
+1.08 
+ .96 


+3.0 


12 months, under 24 


+3.4 


24 months, under 36 


+4.0 


36 months, under 49 


+3.4 







1 Excess of averages based on "10,423 normal babies in 31 States" over averages based on children 
weighed and measured during children's year. Excess stated as positive; deficiency, negative, 
excess is the unweighted average difference between the two series of averages. 



40 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



Considerable difference in stature appears between Dr. Holt's 
earlier and his later series. The average statures of the children 
examined during children's year fall between the two series of measure- 
chart XII. — Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's 

averages; boys' weight for height. 
Pounds 

48 



32 



24 



16 



8 

Inches 20 











/ 

/ 
1 

*' / 
/ / 


/ / 
/ / 

/ / 






• 


>' */ / 


/ 




/ 




* 




*' •' 


>' /y^ •'' 








/ / / 
// 











26 

Children's year 

Crum 

Standard deviation 



32 



38 



-X X X- 



44 

Holt (1916) • 
Holt (1919) © 
Bowditch ■ 



50 



ments given by Dr. Holt, being relatively closer to the later than to 
the earlier figures. 

In weight comparatively little difference appears between Dr. 
Holt's earlier and his later series. At 6 months and at 1 year the 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 



41 



two series are identical, but at 2 years, 3 years, and 4 years the 
children in the later series averaged about half a pound heavier. 
A comparison of the average weights of the children examined during 

Chart XIII. — Comparison of children's year averages with Dr. Crum's, Dr. Holt's, and Bowditch's' 

averages; girls' weight for height. 
Pounds 
48 



40 



32 



24 



16 



8 

Inches 20 









t 

1 

/ m 

/ 
/ i 


i 

i 1 
1 / 
/ / 

'' / ' 
/ / 






/ 


f / 

/ / 
f / / 

// / 


/ 




/ 


V // 

' J / 
/ f/ 
/ jf/ 

i r / 
' i / / 

* // ' 


/ 




/ 


i' / / 
/ // 

/ & / 








7 / / 

/ / / 


i /' 









26 

Children's year 

Crum 

Standard deviation 



32 



38 



44 

Holt (1916) ® 
Holt (1919) O 
Bowditch H 



50 



children's year with those examined by Dr. Holt shows that Dr. 
Holt's figures at 6 months for both boys and girls are somewhat 
lower, at 12 months practically identical for boys but somewhat 
higher for girls, and at older ages for both boys and girls somewhat 



42 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



higher than the children's year figures. In regard to weight for age, 
the children's year figures are somewhat closer to Dr. Holt's earlier 
than to his later averages. 

A third point of comparison is in regard to weight for height. 
The relationship of the children's year averages to Dr. Crum's and 
Dr. Holt's figures is indicated in Charts XII and XIII. In weight 
for height, the children's year figures are somewhat below Dr. Crum's, 
but are practically identical with those of Dr. Holt's later series. 

Chart XIV. — Distribution of statures of white boys aged 36 Months in all States and in Iowa. 

Per cent 
40 



30 



20 



10 































n 




















pi 


-i 










■— 1 










^J 










n f 


■ 







Inches 



30 33 36 39 



42 



46 



31 33 36 



39 42 



Standard Standard 

deviation Av. deviation 
1.74 in. 36.67 in. 1.74 in. 
All States, 1,2.58 cases. 



Standard Standard 

deviation Av. deviation 
1.57 in. 36.90 in. 1.57 in. 
Iowa, 301 cases. 



The charts give also a comparison with Bowditch's averages for 
children at 5J years, weighed in ordinary clothing. In stature the 
children's year series is slightly above Bowditch's averages; in 
weight, when allowance is made for the weight of clothing, the 
children's year series appears to agree fairly well with Bowditch at 
the point of juncture. 

Composition of selected group. 

An important question in regard to any table of average statures 
and weights based upon a sample is whether the sample is typical 
of the whole. Are these figures typical of American children? 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 



43 




44 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



Would averages based upon all the white children under 6 years of 
age in the United States be substantially different from these, which 
are based upon 1.2 per cent of them? 

So far as distribution by States is concerned, the selection of children, 
as shown in Table X, is very unequal. Iowa, the East-North-Central 
group of States, and California are more fully represented than any 
others. Whether these irregularities affect the averages depends upon 
the amount of the differences between the average statures and weights 
of children in the States fully represented and in those not so well 
represented. Averages for three areas where large numbers of 
children were examined were calculated, and are discussed below, 



Per cent 
30 



Chart XVI. — Distribution of weights of white boys 37 inches in stature. 




Pounds 21 22 


25£ 28£ 29 32 


35£ 


All States 


Standard 


Standard 


1,176 cases. 


deviation, Average, 


deviation 




2.65 lbs. 30.98 lbs. 


2.65 lbs. 



38J39 



but it was not found possible to make similar calculations for each 
State. One possible cause of differences in average statures and 
weights is the nationality composition of the population of the 
different States; differences due to this cause are discussed in the 
succeeding paragraphs. In California some other factor — perhaps 
selection of taller and heavier population, perhaps climate — appears to 
play a part, since children in that State were found to be taller and 
heavier than in other States — a difference which the nationality com- 
position of the population alone does not explain. So far, there- 
fore, as these tall and heavy children are represented in an undue 
proportion in the sample selected for tabulation, the averages may 
be slightly higher than averages for typical American children. 

Table XI shows whether or not the parents of the children tabu- 
lated were born in the United States. Of the white children tabu- 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 45 

lated, 69.3 per cent had both parents born in the United States, 10.4 
per cent had one parent who was born in the United States and one 
parent who was born in some foreign country, and- 19.5 per cent had 
parents who were foreign born. The nativity of the parents of 0.8 
per cent was not reported. 

Table X. — Section of country; white children included in stature and weight tables. 1 



Section of country. 



White 
children. 



All sections 

New England and Middle Atlantic . 

Southern 

East North-Central 

Iowa , 

Western 

California 



167,024 



23, 729 
9,044 
54, 779 
37, 033 
23, 170 
19, 269 



1 The grouping of States into sections follows the grouping of States into divisions in the census of 
1910, except that the southern section includes the South Atlantic, East South Central and West 
South Central, and the western section includes the West North-Central, Mountain, and Pacific divi- 
sions, except Iowa and California, which are shown separately. 

Comparing the proportion of children with both parents born in 
the United States in the group tabulated with the proportion in the 
United States as a whole, it appears that the percentages are almost 
identical, 69.3 per cent of the children tabulated as compared with 
70.2 per cent of white children under 5 years of age in the whole 
country in 1910. 7 In this respect, therefore, the children tabulated 
are very closely typical of all white children in the United States. 

The native white children of native parentage, however, include 
children of different racial stocks. But, on the one hand, it is im- 
possible to ascertain what stocks are represented among the children 
tabulated since information on this point was not obtained, and, on 
the other hand, it is difficult to determine the racial stocks repre- 
sented among the children of corresponding ages in the United States, 
since precise information is available only in regard to parental 
nativity and not to racial stock. The principal racial stock in America, 
however, is the British, and of the different British stocks the Eng- 
lish is probably most largely represented. Next in importance to 
the British is probably the German stock, as there was a considerable 
immigration of Germans into Pennsylvania and elsewhere during the 
Revolutionary War, and a second wave of immigration of Germans 
commencing about 1848. Irish immigration was very large in the 
two or three decades following 1840. Scandinavian immigration has 
formed somewhat more recently a considerable, though minor, ele- 
ment of population. All these stocks, which make up the great ma- 
jority of the population classified as "native American," are racially 

i If the not- reported cases among the children tabulated are included with the native born of native 
parentage, as is the case with the census figure, the percentages are 70.1 and 70.2, respectively. See Thir- 
teenth Census, Vol. I, pp. 322-326, also p. 125. 



46 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN . 



closely related, though the Scandinavians in particular are consid- 
erably taller and heavier than the English. 

Table XI. — -Parental nativity, by sections; white children included in stature and iveight 

tables. 





White children. 


Nativity of parents. 


All sections. 


New England and 
Middle Atlantic. 


Southern. 


East North- 
Central. 




Number. 


Per cent 
distri- 
bution. 1 


Number. 


Per cent 
distri- 
bution. 1 


Number. 


Per cent 
distri- 
bution. ! 


Number 


Per cent 
distri- 
bution. 1 


Total 


167,024 


100.0 


23,729 


100.0 


9,044 


100.0 


54,779 


100.0 




115,818 
32,511 


69.3 
19.5 


9,560 
10, 322 


40.3 
43.5 


8,264 
408 


91.4 
4.5 


38,992 
10,977 


71.2 


Both parents foreign born 


20.0 




29,577 

2,907 

27 


17.7 
1.7 


9,534 

783 

5 


40.2 
3.3 


360 

47 

1 


4.0 
.5 


10,181 

'788 
8 


18.6 




1.4 












One native, one foreign born. 
One or both not reported. . 


17, 441 
1,254 


10.4 
.8 


3,538 
309 


14.9 
1.3 


325 

47 


3.6 
.5 


4,446 
364 


8.1 
.7 




5. 




White children. 


Nativity of parent 


Iowa. 


Western. 


California. 




Number. 


Per cent 
distri- 
bution. 1 


Number. 


Per cent 
distri- 
bution. 1 


Number. 


Per cent 
distri- 
bution. 1 


Total 


37,033 


100.0 


23,170 


100.0 


19, 269 


100. 












30,458 
2,922 


82.2 
7.9 


16,512 
3,276 


71.3 
14.1 


12,032 
4,606 


62.4 




23.9 












2,653 

258 

11 


7.2 

.7 


2,855 

419 

2 


12.3 

1.8 


3,994 
612 


20.7 




3.2 






















3,539 
114 


9.6 
.3 


3,206 
176 


13.8 

.8 


2,387 
244 


12.4 




1.3 



























1 Per cent not shown if less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 

Since the native-born parents of children under 6 years of age in 
1918 were for the most part born in this country before 1895, some 
light can be thrown upon the racial stocks represented among the 
grandparents of the children by a study of the nationality composi- 
tion of the population at the census of 1890. Since such a study, 
however, shows only the more recent additions to the population, 
and since no account is taken of differing birth rates, the conclusions 
that can be drawn as to the racial stocks of the children of the 1890 
population are necessarily somewhat uncertain. In 1 890 the foreign- 
born white population represented 16.6 per cent of the total white 
population. The principal elements were the British and Irish, in- 
cluding British Canadian, with 6.9 per cent; the German, with 5.1 
per cent; and the Scandinavian with 1.7 per cent of the total white 
population. The remainder included French Canadians, Austro- 
Hungarians, Russians, Italian, French, Swiss, etc. It is worthy of 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 47 

especial note that all foreign-born Italians, Russians, and Austro- 
Hungarians together constituted only 1.2 per cent of the total white 
population. 

The nationality or racial composition of the children of native 
parentage included in the group selected for tabulation may have 
been somewhat affected by the unequal weighting of the different 
sections of the country. An examination of the proportions of for- 
eign-born white in the different sections in 1890 indicates, however, 
the extent of bias from this cause. Thus Iowa, the State with the 
largest proportion of children included in the tabulation, had in 1890 
a somewhat larger proportion of foreign-born Germans and Scandi- 
navians than the country as a whole, respectively 6.7 per cent and 
3.8 per cent of the total white population. Likewise in the East 
North-Central States, also somewhat overweighted in the tabulation, 
the foreign-born Germans constituted 8 per cent, and the foreign- 
born Scandinavians 2.1 per cent of the total white population. In 
California the foreign-born Germans constituted only 5.5 per cent 
and the foreign-born Scandinavians 2 per cent, while the group of 
foreign-born Italian, Russian, Spanish, and Portuguese together con- 
stituted 2.6 per cent of the total white population. In the New 
England and Middle Atlantic States, which in proportion to popu- 
lation were somewhat underweighted in the tabulation, the propor- 
tion of foreign-born Germans was not far from that in the country 
as a whole, 5.2 per cent, while the proportion of Scandinavian was 
considerably less, only 0.7 per cent. In the Western group of States 
the percentage of foreign-born Germans was 5.3 per cent, while that 
of foreign-born Scandinavians was 5. In the Southern States the 
foreign-born Germans constituted only 1.5 per cent, and the foreign- 
born Scandinavians a negligible proportion of the total white 
population. 

Though these figures are only the percentages of the foreign born 
and do not, therefore, show the true proportions of the different 
racial stocks, yet they do give a clear indication of the bias caused 
by the unequal weighing of States in the group of children selected 
for tabulation. Thus, if a sample of the population of 1890 were 
drawn from the several States and sections in the same proportions 
as the children selected for tabulation, the foreign-born Germans 
would represent 6.3 per cent and the foreign-born Scandinavians 2.4 
per cent of such a sample, instead of 5.1 and 1.7 per cent, respectively, 
as in the entire country. It is clear, therefore, that in the group of 
children of native parentage the German and the Scandinavian racial 
stocks were probably somewhat more liberally represented than in 
the whole population. 

Table XII, which shows the countries of birth of the mothers of 
the children included in the tabulation, throws light upon the racial 
stocks represented among the children of foreign parentage. As 



48 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



already stated, practically seven-tenths of the children had both 
parents born in the United States; 6.2 per cent more had mothers 
who were native, but fathers foreign born. This table shows further 
that, of those whose mothers were foreign born, a considerable pro- 
portion were of racial stocks similar to the native American. Thus, 
4.2 per cent had mothers born in the United Kingdom and British 
possessions, that is, who were English, Scotch, Irish, or Welsh. 

On the other hand, 2.3 per cent had mothers born in Denmark, 
Sweden, or Norway, 2 in Germany, 4.1 in Italy, 2.9 per cent in Rus- 
sia, 1.3 per cent in Poland, and 4 per cent in Austria-Hungary. 

Table XII. — Country of birth of parents; white children included in stature and weight 

tables. 





AVhite children included in stature and 
weight tables. 


Country of birth of mother. 


Total. 


Parents 

born in 

same 

country. 


Parents 

born in 

different 

countries. 




Number. 


Per cent 
distribu- 
tion. 




i 167, 024 


100.0 


145,395 


20,348 






127,212 
7,030 


76.2 
4.2 


115, 839 
3,675 


11 373 




3 355 








1, 755 

714 

44 

1,702 

2,815 


1.1 

.4 


913 

389 

16 

1,030 

1,327 


842 




325 




28 




1.0 
1.7 


672 




1 488 






Italy 


6, 817 
6,743 


4.1 
4.0 


6,618 
5,975 


199 




768 








4,211 

487 

1,012 

48 

5 

980 


2.5 
.3 
.6 


3,701 

382 

942 

48 

5 

897 


510 




105 




70 














.6 


83 








4,886 
3, 764 


2.9 
2.3 


4,501 
2, 354 


385 




1,410 








697 
1,644 
1,423 


.4 
1.0 
.9 


471 

1,095 

788 


226 




549 




635 








3, 370 
2,231 
3,690 


2.0 
1.3 
2.2 


1,625 
1,990 

2,818 


1, 745 


Poland 3 


241 


All other * 


872 







1 Includes 1,271 children the nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported. 

2 As constituted before the war, except Austrian Poland, which is included with Poland. 

3 Includes Russian, German, and Austrian Poland as constituted before the war. 

1 Including West Indies, Cuba, Central and South America, Luxemberg, Holland, Belgium, Switzer- 
land, France, Spain, Portugal, Serbia, Armenia, Syria, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Turkey, Mexico, Atlantic 
and Pacific islands, Africa, Japan, China, India, Asia n. o. s., Europe n. o. s. 

Of these races the German is slightly and the Scandinavian con- 
siderably taller and heavier, while the Italian and the Jewish are 
considerably shorter and lighter than the native American stock. 
A considerable proportion of the mothers who reported their country 
of birth as Russia or Poland was probably of Jewish race. The 
mothers who reported Austria-Hungary as their country of birth 
probably include a number of races, some Germans, some Czechs, 
some Magyars, and others. 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 



49 



Of the white children, then, who formed the basis of the stature and 
weight tables, 76 per cent had mothers born in the United States, 
4 per cent had mothers born in Great Britain or Ireland ; and the 
remainder — about one-fifth — were of stocks of taller or of shorter 
stature. 

Comparison of the figures showing countries of birth of the foreign- 
born mothers of the children included in the tabulation with similar 
data for the United States as a whole is rendered difficult because no 
census figures are available showing country of birth of parents of 
young children. An approximation can be reached by comparing 
the countries of birth of the mothers of children included in the 
tables with the countries of birth of the foreign-born population of 
both sexes in 1910, as in Table XIII. It may be pointed out that, 
while the foreign-born mothers of the children weighed and measured 
were for the most part in the United States in 1910, the represen- 
tation of the different nationalities among children under 6 years 
of age in 1918 depends upon the proportion of women in the 1910 
population and also upon the relative birth rates. 

Table XIII. — Comparison of the distribution by mothers 1 country of birth of children of 
foreign-born mothers included in main tabulation with the distribution by country of 
birth of the foreign-born population in the United States in 1910. 



Country of birth. 1 



Per cent distri- 
bution. 



Children 
of foreign- 
born 
mothers 
included 
in tabula- 
tion. 1 



Foreign- 
born 
popula- 
tion 
1910.1 a 



All foreign countries 

United Kingdom and British possessions 

England 

Scotland 

Wales 

Ireland 

British possessions 

Italy 

Austria-Hungary 

Russia , 

Scandinavia 

Denmark 

Sweden 

Norway 

Germany 

Poland 

All others 



100.0 


100.0 


17.7 


28.1 


4.4 


6.5 


1.8 


1.9 


.1 


.6 


4.3 


10.0 


7.1 


3 9.1 


17.1 


9.9 


<16. 9 


12.4 


<12. 3 


12.8 


9.5 


9.3 


1.8 


1.3 


4.1 


4.9 


3.6 


3.0 



* 8.5 
5.6 
9.3 



( 5 ) 



18.5 
) 
18.1 



1 Children included in the tabulation are classified by country of birth of mother. 

2 Thirteenth Census, Vol. I, Population from p. 791. The foreign born used as the basis of these per- 
centages include about 1.3 per cent colored. 

3 Includes Canada and Newfoundland, and Australia. 

* As constituted before the war, except that if the mother's country of birth is stated as Poland it is classed 
as Poland. 
6 Not shown separately. 

49079°— 21 4 



50 STATUEES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 

This comparison indicates that among the children selected for 
tabulation Italy and Austria-Hungary and perhaps Poland were 
represented in somewhat larger, and Germany, Great Britain, and 
Ireland in somewhat smaller, proportions than among the foreign- 
born population of 1910. These differences, however, may merely 
reflect the effect of differences in birth rates. The greatest differ- 
ences, it may be pointed out, are in the large proportion of Italian, 
on the one hand, and in the small proportion of German, on the 
other — differences which suggest that even allowing for differences 
in birth rates perhaps an undue proportion of children of Italian 
mothers and too small a proportion of children of German mothers 
were included in the tabulation. 

The effect of bias in selection of racial stocks may now be summed 
up. The average statures and weights of children of German par- 
entage are very slightly above, those of Scandinavian parentage con- 
siderably above, and those for children of Italian parentage con- 
siderably below, the averages for all white children. 8 The analysis 
has indicated that probably the German, and especially the Scan- 
dinavian, stocks are somewhat overweighted in the group of children 
of native parentage, while the German may be slightly underweighted 
and the Italian overweighted in the group of children of foreign-born 
parentage. The amount of error in the general averages from each 
of these elements is small, since even with overstatement the various 
groups form comparatively small proportions of the total numbers. 
Furthermore, the errors tend to offset one another, since the bias 
toward overstatement of the averages due to overweighting the 
Scandinavian stock among the children of native parentage tends 
to be offset by the bias toward understatement of the averages due 
to overweighting the Italian stock among the children of foreign 
parentage, and the overweighting of German stock among the 
children of native parentage tends to be offset by the underweighting 
of German stock among the children of foreign parentage. Though 
the analysis is suggestive only rather than conclusive, it does indi- 
cate that so far as racial stocks are concerned the averages may be 
considered fairly typical of all white children under 6 years of age 
in the United States. 

The averages might have been affected, however, not only by a bias 
in racial stocks represented among the children selected but by a 
method of selection tending to secure an unduly large proportion of 
measurements for children who were taller and heavier than the 
average. So far as the general conditions connected with the con- 
duct of the weighing and measuring test are concerned, it was sought 
to reach children of all classes equally. Though the methods of 
organization were different in different States, and perhaps achieved 

8 See pp. 56-61. 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 51 

different degrees of success in reaching all classes, probably on the 
whole the use of local organizations already established and the wide 
publicity given to the weighing and measuring test served to secure 
a representative group of children. The fact already discussed that 
a fairly representative sample of the children of the different nation- 
ality groups was secured would tend to indicate that the sample was 
also typical in other respects. 

Furthermore, if there had been a tendency for the tallest and 
heaviest children to be brought to the weighing and measuring cen- 
ters, then, other things being equal, the larger the proportion of 
children included in the tabulation the more children of only average 
and of less than average stature and weight would have been in- 
cluded; and hence the larger the proportion of children included in 
any given area the lower would be the averages for that area. The 
proportion of children included in the tabulation varied consider- 
ably in the different States. Thus, in Iowa approximately 13 per 
cent of the children under 6 years of age were included, and in Cali- 
fornia about 6.6 per cent; in other areas the proportions were much 
smaller. If, then, there was a definite tendency to bring the tallest 
and heaviest children to be weighed and measured, it would be 
expected that the averages in California, and especially in Iowa, 
would be lower than the averages in all States. As will be shown, 
however, the averages in Iowa are substantially the same as the 
general averages, while those in California are markedly higher than 
in the country as a whole. Though this evidence is far from con- 
clusive, it tends to suggest that the averages may be considered as 
free from any bias toward selecting only the tallest and heaviest 
children. 

Comparative stature and weight in different sections. 

To determine whether in different sections of the country there 
are significant differences in stature and weight, analysis has been 
made of three groups of children. The children of Iowa formed 
one group with a high percentage of children of native parentage; 
the children of California showing a smaller proportion with native 
parentage than those of Iowa, but living under exceptionally favor- 
able climatic conditions, formed a second group; and the children 
of New York City, who were largely of foreign parentage and who 
included a considerable proportion of children of short-statured 
races, formed a third group. The New York City children, though 
not included in the general averages on account of having been 
weighed with underclothing, are presented in this connection to 
indicate the effect of the nationality composition of the group upon 
average stature. In all three areas the size of the sample was fairly 
large. These comparisons show roughly the range of sectional 
variations in average stature and weight. 



52 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



Table XIV, which gives the information in summary form, shows 
that measurements of the Iowa children approximate those of chil- 
dren in the country as a whole, with a slight excess — a fifth of an inch — 
in stature. The children under 1 year of age are nearly 3 ounces 
heavier, but those from 1 to 6 years are from 1 to 3 ounces lighter 
than the average in the country as a whole. The California children, 
on the other hand, average two-fifths of an inch taller than all chil- 
dren included in the general table, and exceed the general average 
weight by approximately three-fourths of a pound. The New York 
City children, on the other hand, show a marked deficiency in stature 
amounting to as much as half an inch. 

Table XIV. — Comparative stature and weight, by age; comparison of white children under 
6 years of age, Iowa, California, and New York City, with averages for all white 
children. 



Age and section. 



California . 

Under 1 year 

1 year, under 2 . . 

2 years, under 3 . 

3 years, under 4 . 

4 years, under 5 . 

5 years, under 6 . 



Iowa. 



Under 1 year 

1 year, under 2 . . 

2 years, under 3 . 

3 years, under 4 . 

4 years, under 5 . 

5 years, under 6 . 



New York City . 



Under 1 year 

1 year, under 2.. 

2 years, under 3 . 

3 years, under 4 . 

4 years, under 5 . 

5 years, under 6 . 



White children. 



Boys. 



Average excess. 1 



Stature 
(inches). 



+0.40 



+ .23 
+ .33 
+ .39 
+ .36 
+ .44 
+ .64 



+0.20 



+0.20 
+ .14 
+ .13 
+ .21 
+ .23 
+ .31 



-0.52 



-0.45 

- .56 

- .52 

- .55 

- .45 

- .56 



Weight 
(pounds). 



2 +0. 75 



+ .22 
+ .75 
+ .87 
+ 1.01 
+ .92 
+1.11 



-0.04 



+0.18 

- .21 

- .17 

- .06 

- .04 

- .16 



( 3 ) 



< 3 ) 
( 3 ) 
( 3 ) 

(3) 
( 3 ) 
( 3 ) 



Girls. 



Average excess. 1 



Stature 
(inches). 



+0.36 



+ .26 
+ .26 
+ .34 
+ .48 
+ .38 
+ .43 



+0. 14 



+0.19 
+ .15 
+ .15 
+ .17 
+ .23 
+ .03 



-0.49 



-0.35 

- .45 

- .45 

- .54 

- .52 

- .62 



Weight 
(pounds). 



+0.75 



+ .17 
+ .74 
+ .82 
+ 1.01 
+ 1.00 
+ 1.09 



-0.05 



+0.17 

- .13 

- .12 

- .23 

- .19 

- .16 



( 3 ) 



( 3 ) 

(3) 
( 3 ) 
(«) 



1 Average excess is the unweighted average difference between the averages for the section specified at 
the different months in the years specified, with the corresponding averages for all white children. 

2 Figures for California based only upon children reported weighed and measured without clothing. 

3 Weights not comparable since children in New York City were weighed in underclothing. 

The proportion of children whose parents were born in the United 
States was highest in Iowa, 82.2 per cent; next in California, 62.4 
per cent; and very low in New York City, only 22.7 per cent. So 
far as the racial stocks represented in the children of native parentage 
can be inferred from the nativity of their parents, Iowa and Cali- 
fornia are not far different; Iowa has slightly larger proportions 
of the German and the Scandinavian and California of the 
southern European races — but in both States the main racial 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 53 

stock is the British. The nationalities represented among the chil- 
dren of foreign-born mothers included in Iowa the Scandinavian 
with 2.8 per cent of the total, the German with 2.6 per cent, and 
the British and Irish with 1.1 per cent; the Italian was represented 
by only 0.8 per cent. In California, however, the Italian had the 
largest proportion of any of the foreign nationalities with 8 per cent, 
the British and Irish came second with 5.2 per cent, while the Scan- 
dinavian nationalities had 2 per cent, the Russian 1.7 per cent, and 
the German only 1.6 per cent of the total number. In New York 
City Italy was most largely represented with 20.7 per cent, followed 
by Russia, with 17.7 per cent, Austria-Hungary with 13.2 per cent, 
Great Britain, Ireland and British possessions with 9.5 per cent 
(Ireland alone, 7.5 per cent), Germany with 1.9 per cent, and Poland 
with 1.7 per cent. 

It is clear from these figures that the excess stature and weight 
in California, as compared with Iowa and other States, is not due to 
the racial stocks represented in her population. It must be due, 
therefore, to some other factor — selection of the tallest and heaviest 
in the process of migration, or favorable environmental conditions 
such as climate. The deficiency in stature in New York City, on 
the other hand, is probably to be accounted for by the large pro- 
portion of children of short-statured races, such as the Italian and 
the Jewish. 

Comparative stature and weight of city and country children. 

In order to determine whether there is any significant difference 
in stature and weight between city and country* children, the children 
of native parentage in Iowa and in the East North-Central section 
were tabulated by the size of the communities in which they were 
examined, whether "rural," which was defined as places under 10,000 
population, or "urban," which was divided into places of from 
10,000 to 25,000 population and places of 25,000 and over. The 
results are shown in Table XV. 

In this table the statures and weights of the children in each group 
are compared with those of children in all States. The difference 
between urban and rural children is therefore shown in the relative 
difference. The probable errors of the figures are also shown in the 
table. 

Both in stature and weight the averages for children in rural areas 
are above those for children in urban areas. This difference appears 
for both boys and girls. So far as stature is concerned, no signifi- 
cant difference appears between the smaller and the larger urban 
communities, and the slight difference which occurs between the 
averages for children in the smaller and in the larger urban com- 
munities of both sections is seen on analysis to be due solely to a 
difference in the East North-Central section. 



54 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



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STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 



55 



Only children whose parents were native born were included in 
this table, and the effect of differences in racial composition between 
rural and urban areas is therefore eliminated so far as the material 
at hand permits. The children are the offspring of parents born in 
this country for the most part before 1895, and include no appreciable 
proportion of the short-statured races, such as the Italian and the 
Jewish. The States chosen contain, it is true, many persons of Scandi- 
navian descent, but so far as the evidence indicates this element is 
found more largely in cities than in country districts, and therefore 
would not explain the difference in average stature and weight in 
favor of the country. 9 

Comparative stature and weight of children of native parentage. 

The inclusion in the group selected for study of a considerable 
number of children whose parents were not born in the United 
States raises the question whether the averages secured are fairly 
typical of children of- native parentage. To throw light upon this 
question a special tabulation was made of children of native parent- 
age in Iowa and in the East North-Central section. The tabulation 
included 68,946 boys and girls under 6 years of age, both of whose 
parents were reported born in the United States, Table XVI. 

Table XVI. — Comparison of stature and weight of children of native parentage with 
general averages; white children under 6 years of age; Iowa and East North-Central 
sections. 



Age and section. 





White boyf 






White girl. 


. 


Number. 


Average excess." 


Number. 


Average excess, a 












Stature 


Weight 




Stature 


Weight 




(inches). 


(pounds). 




(inches). 


(pounds). 


34, 878 


+0.05 


-0.05 


34, 068 


+0.05 


-0.08 


8,358 


+ .06 


+ .03 


8,054 


+ .07 


+ .04 


6,456 


+ .02 


- .17 


6,189 


+ .02 


- .14 


6,413 


+ .02 


- .10 


6,292 


+ .03 


- .09 


6,012 


+ .04 


- .05 


5,89.4 


+ .02 


- .16 


5,374 


+ .13 


+ .06 


5,407 


+ .11 


- .05 


2,265 


- .00 


- .15 


2,232 


+ .05 


- .12 


15,398 


+ .18 


- .05 


14, 956 


+ .17 


- .11 


3 


,567 


+ .17 


+ .16 


3,413 


+ .22 


+ .16 


3 


,010 


+ .13 


- .17 


2,920 


+ .12 


- .20 


a 


,002 


+ .13 


- .19 


2,944 


+ .15 


- .12 


2 


,883 


+ .21 


- .03 


2,773 


+ .15 


- .26 


2 


,395 


+ .26 


- .08 


2,359 


+ .26 


- .16 


'541 


+ .25 


- .06 


547 


+ .03 


- .24 


19, 480 


- .05 


- .05 


19, 112 


- .05 


- .05 


4,791 


- .03 


- .07 


4,641 


- .03 


- .05 


3,446 


- .07 


- .17 


3,269 


- .08 


- .09 


3,411 


- .07 


- .03 


3,348 


- .07 


- .07 


3,129 


- .12 


- .08 


3,121 


- .10 


- .08 


2,979 


+ .03 


+ .17 


3,048 


- .01 


+ .04 


1 


,724 


- .09 


- .18 


1,685 


- .06 


- .09 



Both sections. 



Under 1 year 

lyear, under 2.. 

2 years, under 3 . 

3 years, under 4 . 

4 years, under 5 . 

5 years, under 6. 

Iowa 

Under 1 year 

lyear, under 2.. 

2 years, under 3. 

3 years, under 4 . 

4 years, under 5 . 

5 years, under 6. 



East North-Central. 



Under 1 year 

lyear, under 2.. 

2 years, under 3 . 

3 years, under 4 . 

4 years, under 5. 

5 years, under 6. 



a Excess is stated as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average 
difference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights and statures 
of white children of the same sexes and ages (in months) in all States. 

9 Figures for 1890 show that in the East North-Central States 1 .9 per cent of the population of rural dis- 
tricts and cities under 25,000 population, while 2.9 per cent of the population of cities of 25,000 and over, 
were born in one of the Scandinavian countries. Thirteenth Census, Vol. I, Population. Compiled from 
p. 847. 



56 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



The results in general show a close agreement with the aver- 
ages already presented. The children of native parentage in 
the selected States were very slightly lighter in weight, but the 
amount is so slight as to be negligible for comparative purposes. 
Thus the weight of these children averaged only about an ounce 
less than that of all those included in "this study. Figures for Iowa 
are in substantial agreement with those for the East North-Central 

Chart XVII. — Comparative statures of boys of Italian, Scandinavian, and German parentage, and 

of boys in all States. 
Inches 
50 



40 



30 



20 



10 



*\__y^-*^ 



>nths 12 

Italian 

Scandinavian 



24 



36 



48 

German.. 
All States 



60 



72 



group, except that at under 1 year the Iowa figures show a slight 
excess in weight. The amount of variation from the average is so 
slight that in many cases the differences are negligible. 

Comparative stature and weight of children of Italian, Scandinavian, 
and German parentage. 

Three nationality groups were tabulated separately to show dif- 
ferences in average statures and weights from the averages for all 
white children included in the general tables. Since the informa- 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 



57 



tion on the record blank gave only the country of birth of father 
and mother, but not the racial stock, the choice of nationalities 
in which racial stock could reasonably be inferred from the 
country of birth was limited. The nationalities selected for tabu- 
lation were the Italian, the Scandinavian, and the German, and 
the children from all parts of the country whose mothers were 
reported born in Italy, in Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden, or Nor- 

Chart XVIII. — Comparative statures of girls of Italian, Scandinavian, and German parentage, and 

of girls in all States. 
Inches 
50 



40 



30 



20 



10 











^^^y 


40- 






S^S^ 


&^^~~^ 






£r 


H^"**^ 



































Months 



12 



24 



36 



Italian 

Scandinavian 



48 

German.. 
All States 



72 



way), and in Germany were included in the respective nationality 
tables. 

Table XVII shows the distribution of the children of these different 
nationalities by sections. In the tables for these selected nationali- 
ties a certain number of children in New York City were included 
who had been excluded from the main tables on account of having 
been weighed in underclothing. This fact would not affect materially 
the conclusions as to relative weight and stature of children of 



58 



STATUSES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



these nationalities, since few children of the taller and heavier groups 
were from New York City, while nearly half the group of Italian 
children, who were shorter and lighter than average, were from 
New York. The inclusion of the New York City children would 
tend, therefore, to understate the difference between the Italian 
children and the general average. 



Chart XIX. 



-Comparative weights of boys of Italian, Scandinavian, and German parentage, and 
of boys in all States. 



40 
30 


















r-gSS 


-'J^S^-^ 












' v^"* 


v^V"*"*^ 














//t 
















F2 


■ s 












20 


/*-?, 


V 














i/f 












10 






































Months 12 

Italian 

Scandinavian 



36 



48 



72 



German.. 
All States 



Children of Italian parentage. — Comparing the figures for children 
of mothers born in Italy with those for all children, it appears (Table 
XVIII) that Italian children are shorter and lighter than the average. 
The average deficiency in stature is slightly over an inch for both 
boys and girls, and that in weight is 15 ounces for boys and 14 for 
girls. The absolute deficiencies are smaller for the younger children 
and increase with age. The percentage of deficiency, however, is 
more nearly uniform. The averages themselves and the number of 
cases upon which they are based are shown in general Table 15. 



statue.es and weights. 



59 



Table XVII. — Parental nativity and section, white children included in special nation- 
ality tables. 



Section. 



White children. 



Italian 
parent- 



Scandi- 
navian 
parent- 



German 
parent- 



Total 

New England and Middle Atlantic 

New York City 

Southern 

East North-Central 

Iowa 

Western 

California 



14,246 



3,501 

7,429 
74 

1,265 
296 
131 

1,550 



4,164 



313 

400 
22 

684 
1,017 
1,319 

379 



4,066 



255 
696 
57 
1,186 
975 
596 
301 



Chart XX. — Comparative weights of girls of Italian, Scandinavian, and German parentage, and 

of girls in all States. 
Pounds 
50 




Months 12 



Italian ■ 

Scandinavian 



German.. 
All States 



The curve of average growth of children of Italian parentage is 
shown in Charts XVII to XX in comparison with that of all children 
and of children of Scandinavian and children of German parentage. 



60 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



Table XVIII. — Comparison of stature and weight of children of Italian parentage 
with averages for all white children; white children under 6 years of age. 



Age and sex. 



White children of mothers born in Italy. 



Stature. 



Average 

excess 

(inches).' 



Per cent 
excess. 



Weight. 



Average 

excess 

(pounds). 



Per cent 
excess. 



BOYS. 

All ages under 6 

Under 1 year 

1 year, under 2 

2 years, under 3 

3 years, under 4 

4 years, under 5 

5 years, under 

GIKLS. 

All ages under 6 

Under 1 year 

1 year, under 2 

2 years, under 3 

3 years, under 4 

4 years, under 5 

5 years, under 6 



-1.05 

- .73 

- .91 
-1.01 
-1.05 
-1.30 
-1.29 



-1.03 

- .58 

- .S3 
-1.06 
-1.05 
-1.32 
-1.48 



-2.9 
-2.8 
-2.9 
-2.9 
-2.8 
-3.2 
-3.0 



-2.9 
-2.3 
-2.7 
-3.1 
-2.8 
-3.3 
-3.5 



-0.94 

- .76 

- .67 

- .83 

- .82 

- .97 
-1.61 



-0.88 

- .58 

- .70 

- .71 

- .67 
-1.15 
-1.49 



-3.3 
-4.7 
-2.8 
-2.9 
-2.5 
-2.7 
-4.0 



-3.1 
-3.8 
-3.1 
-2.6 
-2.1 
-3.3 
-3.9 



1 Excess stated as positive; deficiency, negative. Average excess is the unweighted average diflerence 
between the averages for children of mothers born in Italy and the general averages for all white children. 
See general Table 15. 

Table XIX. — Comparison of stature and weight of children of Scandinavian parentage 
with averages for all white children; white children under 6 years of age. 



Age and sex. 



White children of mothers born in 
Scandinavia. 



Stature. 



Average 

excess 

(inches)/ 



Per cent 
excess. 



Weight. 



Average 

excess 

(pounds;. 



Per cent 
excess. 



BOYS. 

All ages under 6 

Under 1 year 

1 year, under 2 

2 years, under 3 

3 years, under 4 

4 years, under 5 

5 years, under 6 

GIRLS. 

All ages under 6 

Under 1 year 

1 year, under 2 ' 

2 years, under 3 

3 years, under 4 

4 years, under 5 

5 years, under 6 



+0.42 
+ .40 
+ .46 
+ .31 
+ .46 
+ .40 
+ .51 



+ .31 
+ .16 
+ .40 
+ .20 
+ .39 
+ .13 
+ .56 



+ 1.2 
+ 1.5 
+1.5 
+ -9 
+ 1.2 
+ 1.0 
+ 1.2 



+ .9 
+ .6 
+ 1.3 
+ .6 
+ 1.0 
+ .3 
+ 1.3 



+0.71 
+ .66 
+ .92 
+ .43 
+ .67 
+ .71 
+ .90 



+ .56 
+ .42 
+ .68 
+ .55 
+ .73 
+ .23 
+ .74 



+2.7 
+4.1 
+3.9 
+ 1.5 
+2.1 
+2.0 
+2.3 



+2.1 
+2.8 
+3.1 
+2.0 
+2.3 
+ .7 
+ 1.9 



i Excess stated as positive; deficiency, negative. Average excess is the unweighted average difference 
between the average for children of mothers born in Scandinavia and the general averages for all white 
children. See general Table 17. 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 



61 



Children of Scandinavian 'parentage. — In Table XIX a similar 
comparison is made for children of mothers born in Denmark, Sweden, 
or Norway. These children are taller and heavier than the average ; 
the average excess in stature is four-tenths of an inch for boys and 
three-tenths for girls, while that in weight is 11 ounces for boys and 
9 ounces for girls. The percentage excess is about 1 per cent of the 
stature and 2.4 per cent of the weight. The averages themselves 
and the number of cases upon which they are based are shown in 
General Table 17. 

Children of German parentage. — Table XX shows the average 
statures and weights of children of mothers born in Germany in 
comparison with the general averages. These children are slightly 
taller and heavier than the average but not so much so as the children 
of some Scandinavian parentage. The average excess in stature is 
only an eighth of an inch for boys and a sixth of an inch for girls; the 
average excess in weight is about 5 ounces for boys and 4 ounces for 
girls. The percentage of excess is less than one-half of 1 per cent in 
stature and about 1 per cent in weight. The averages and the 
number of cases upon which they are based are given in general 
Table 16. 

Table XX.— Comparison of stature and weight of children of German parentage with 
averages for all white children; white children under 6 years of age. 



Age and sex. 



White children of mothers born in 
Germany. 



Stature. 



Average 

excess 

(inches).i 



Per cent 
excess. 



Weight. 



Average 

excess 

(pounds.y 



Per cent 
excess. 



All ages under 6. 
Under 1 year 

1 year, under 2 . . 

2 years, under 3. 

3 years, under i. 

4 years, under 5. 

5 years, under 6. 



All ages under 6. 
Under 1 year 

1 year, under 2.. 

2 years, under 3 . 

3 years, under 4. 

4 years, under 5. 
5years,under6. 



+0.12 

+ .03 

+ .10 

+ .20 

+ .14 

+ .09 

+ .13 



+ -17 
+ .09 
+ .16 
+ .21 
+ .19 
+ .25 
+ .11 



+ 0.3 
+ .1 
+ .3 
+ .6 
+ .4 
+ .2 
+ .3 



+ .5 
+ .4 
+ .5 
+ .6 
+ -5 
+ .6 
+ -3 



+ 0.32 

- .03 

+ .33 

+ .47 

+ .34 

+ .37 

+ .45 



+ .25 
+ .05 
+ .30 
+ .38 
+ .27 
+ .14 
+ .37 



+ 1.0 
- .2 
+ 1.4 
+ 1.7 
+ 1.1 
+ 1.0 
+ 1.1 



+ .9 
+ -3 

+ 1.3 

+ 1.4 
+ .9 
+ .4 
+ 1.0 



'Excess stated as positive; deficiency, negative. Average excess is the unweighted average difference 
between the averages for children of mothers born in Germany and the general averages for all white 
children. See general Table 16. 



62 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



NEGRO CHILDREN. 

In addition to the records of white children, a comparatively small 
number of records, 4,976, of Negro children were tabulated. Of 
these, 224 were weighed and measured in the New England and 
Middle Atlantic States, 2,567 in the Southern States, 564 in the 
East North-Central group of States, 217 in Iowa, 106 in the Western 
group, and 126 in California; besides those who were reported weighed 



Chart XXI. — Comparative statures and weights of white and Negro boys. 



Inches or pounds 
50 



30 



20 



10 













^^e^^ 






^^^ 


„-^r 


^^ 




'/ 


y'j 


'-y 








if 

























Months 12 

Statures, white boys 
Statures, Negro boys 



24 



Weights, white boys 
Weights, Negro boys ■ 



and measured without clothing 1,172 who were weighed and measured 
in New York City (in underclothing) were included to make a group 
large enough to be tabulated. As previously explained in connection 
with the Italian group, the inclusion of these children weighed in 
underclothing tends to understate the differences between the 
averages of the white and the Negro children. The average statures 
and weights of these Negro children are given in general Table 18. 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS. 



63 



For convenience in comparison, the average and percentage ex- 
cesses or deficiencies, as compared with the averages of white children, 
are shown in Table XXI. The average deficiency in stature is 
about two-fifths of an inch, or 1.3 per cent, for boys, and one-fifth of 
an inch, or 0.8 per cent, for girls. In weight the average deficiency 
is nearly 11 ounces for boys and 9 ounces for girls, 3 per cent and 
2.5 per cent, respectively. The deficiency in both stature and weight 

Chart XXII. — Comparative statures and weights of white and Negro girls. 

Inches or pounds 
50 



30 



20 



10 

















„-*- 
















^^^^^ 












^^ 


-■' 


A 












■^- — " 














^^__^^ 


''J**^ 


-'- 






^-jK/ 


<^ 




„.*~y* 










S/^S 




--C 










/--'' 




sfr 












yf' 


''"A/ 














/' 
















/ . 
















/ „ s 
















/ jr' 
















If 





























Months 12 

Statures, wMte girls 
Statures, Negro girls 



24 



!6 48 

Weights, white girls 
"Weights, Negro girls ■ 



60 



72 



is much greater at under 1 year and at 1 year of age than at other 
ages ; in fact after 4 years this deficiency is either converted into an 
excess or is very small. 

To explain this change is difficult. The great deficiency at the 
younger ages may be connected in some way with poor nutrition and 
with bad social and economic conditions, which result in the well- 
known high mortality among colored infants ; and this high mortality 



64 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



may itself result in a surviving group with less variation from the 
normal. It may, on the other hand, be connected with some racial 
difference in the rate of growth, with relative retardation in the early 
years followed by an acceleration. In Charts XXI and XXII the 
growth of Negro children is compared with that of white children. 

Table XXI. — Comparison of stature and weight of Negro children with averages for white 
children; children under 6 years of age. 



Age and sex. 



Negro children. 



Stature. 



Average 
excess 

(inches).' 



Per cent 
excess. 



Weight. 



Average 

excess 

(pounds). 1 



Per cent 
excess. 



BOYS. 

All ages under 6 

Under 1 year 

1 year, under 2 

2 years, under 3 

3 years, under 4 

4 years, under 5 

5 years, under 6 

GIRLS. 

All ages under 6 

Under 1 year 

1 year, under 2 

2 years, under 3 

3 years, under 4 

4 years, under 5 

5 years, under 6 



-0.40 

- .76 

- .81 

- .48 

- .38 
+ .09 

- .06 



- .22 

- .55 

- .64 

- .36 

- .15 
+ .23 
+ .14 



-1.3 
-2.9 
-2.6 
-1.4 
-1.0 
+ .2 
- .1 



- .8 
-2.2 
-2.1 
-1.0 

— .4 
+ .6 
+ .3 



-0.69 
-1.14 
-1.46 

- .71 

- .83 
+ .16 

- .13 



-1.03 
- .52 



- .07 

- .12 



-3.0 
-7.0 
-6.1 
-2.5 
-2.6 
+ ..4 
- .3 



-2.5 
-5.8 
-4.6 
-1.9 
-2.1 

- .2 

- .3 



i Excess stated as positive; deficiency, negative. Average excess is the unweighted average difference 
between the averages for Negro children and the general averages for all white children. See general 
Table 18. 



COMPARATIVE STATURE AND WEIGHT OF CHILDREN WITH 
CERTAIN DEFECTS. 

In addition to data on stature and weight, the record blanks con- 
tained spaces for notes of defects and diseases. In California and 
New York City, on account of the detailed instructions given phy- 
sicians in charge of examinations, such defects were doubtless much 
more completely recorded than elsewhere. These two areas, con- 
taining a comparatively large number of cases, were therefore selected 
as the basis for a special study of the influence of defects on height 
and weight. For this part of the study all the cards which had been 
rejected for the main stature and weight tables because the children 
had serious defects — rachitis, malnutrition, heart disease, etc. — as 
given on page 12, were included along with the cards for normal 
children and those with minor defects only. 

PROPORTION OF CHILDREN WITH EACH DEFECT. 

The proportion of children with each main kind of defect — defects 
which did not as well as those which did cause exclusion from the 
general stature and weight tables — are shown in Tables XXII and 
XXIII. It should be emphasized that these figures have a consid- 
erable margin of error, which varies with the different defects accord- 
ing both to difficulties in diagnosis and to differences in the degrees 
of defect used as standards by the various physicians reporting. 

The defect most often reported was diseased or enlarged tonsils, 
17.7 per cent of the children under 7 years of age who were examined 
being reported as having abnormal tonsils. It is obvious that in case 
of a* defect like diseased or enlarged tonsils the degree of abnormality 
is of considerable importance. In the tabulation no distinction could 
be made, however, between serious and slight degrees of defect, nor 
was it possible even to show the proportion of serious or slight defects 
in the group. Probably most of the cases of serious abnormality 
among the children brought for examination were reported. 

The proportion of children with diseased or enlarged tonsils increased 
rapidly during the first three years; only 3.7 per cent of those under 
1 year, as compared with 27 per cent of those from 3 to 7 years of 
age, were reported as having diseased or enlarged tonsils. 

Adenoids were less frequently reported. Six and four-tenths per 
cent of the children examined were reported as having adenoids. 
The percentages increase from 1.7 for children under 1 year to 11.6 
for children 6 years of age. In regard to uniform diagnosis the com- 
ment made on the figures for abnormal tonsils applies with equal 
force to adenoids. 

49079°— 21 5 65 



66 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



Table XXII. — Number and per cent of children with each specified defect; white children 
under 7 years of age examined by physicians, California and New York City. 



Defect. 



Tonsils enlarged or diseased . 
Tonsils removed 

Adenoids present 

Adenoids removed 

Carious teeth 

Enlarged neck glands 

Rupture 

Rachitis 

Malnutrition 

Heart abnormality 

Bowlegs, knockknees, or both. . . 
Strabismus 



Children with 
specified defect. 



Number. 



10,276 
133 

3,728 

86 

2,093 

1,230 

793 

683 

591 

444 

375 

272 



Per cent 
of total 

children 
exam- 
ined. 1 



17.7 
.2 

6.4 
.1 
3.6 
2.1 
1.4 
1.2 
1.0 



Defect. 



Crippled 

Infantile paralysis 

Injury at birth 

Accident 

Resulting from tuberculosis 



Mental deficiency 

Discharging ears 

Deaf 

Enlarged thyroid 

Blind, one or both eyes. 

Spina bifida 

Pott's disease 



Children with 
specified defect. 



Number. 



Per cent 
of total 
children 
exam- 
ined. 1 



0.1 
.1 



1 Not shown if less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 

Note. — The total number of children examined in California and New York City — the base upon 
which the percentages are calculated— was 57,977. 

Table XXIII. — Per cent of children with each specified defect, by age; white children 
under 7 years of age; California and New York City. 



Age. 



All ages un- 
der? 



Under 

1 year, 

2 years 

3 years 

4 years 

5 years 

6 years 





17,897 


under 2 


10, 605 


, under 3 


8,379 


, under 4 


8,087 


, under 5 


7,556 


, under 6 


4,813 


, under 7 


640 



White children examined by physicians. 



Total. 



With 
rachitis. 



Num- 
ber. 



683 



139 
205 
129 
92 
75 
36 
7 



Per 
cent. 



1.2 



1.9 
1.5 
1.1 

l.n 
.7 
l.i 



With mal- I Heart ab- 
nutrition. ' normality. 



Num- 
ber. 



591 



311 
96 
41 
51 

46 
38 

8 



Per 
cent. 



1.0 



1.7 

.9 
.5 
.6 
.6 



Num- 
ber. 



34 
39 
39 
90 
113 

ION 
21 



Per 

cent. 



.2 
.4 
.5 
1.1 
1.5 
2.2 
3.3 



Carious 
teeth. 



Num- 
ber. 



2,093 



5 
43 
176 
450 
714 
611 
94 



Per 
cent. 



3.6 



(') 
.4 
2.1 
5.6 
9.4 
12.7 
14.7 



Diseased 
or enlarged Adenoids, 
tonsils. 



Num- 
ber. 



10, 276 



662 
1,648 
2,153 
2,203 
2,002 
1,430 

178 



Per 
cent. 



17.7 



3.7 
15.5 
25.7 
27.3 
26.5 
29.7 
27.8 



Num- 
ber. 



3,728 



304 
617 

744 
765 
695 
529 
74 



Per 

cent. 



6.4 



1.7 
5.8 
8.9 
9.5 
9.2 
11.0 
11.6 



1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 

The figures for carious teeth are particularly unsatisfactory. No 
account could be taken of the number of teeth that were decayed, 
nor of the seriousness of the defect, whether the teeth were in ad- 
vanced stages of decay or whether decay had just commenced. 
Though doubtless most of the worst cases were reported, great 
differences probably existed also in the care with which physicians 
examined the teeth. The true proportions of children with this 
defect are probably, therefore, greatly understated. 

The percentages of children with carious teeth show an increase 
with age, similar to that in the percentages with adenoids and abnor- 
mal tonsils. While the percentage at 2 years of age is only 2.1, at 
6 years of age it is 14.7. 



CHILDREN WITH CERTAIN DEFECTS. 67 

A small proportion, 1.2 per cent, of the children brought for 
examination were diagnosed as having rachitis, and their records 
were therefore excluded from the main stature and weight tables. 
The proportion appears largest at 1 year of age, when 1.9 per cent 
were found with rachitis. It should perhaps be emphasized that 
these percentages are based on the children brought for examination, 
who may have included a smaller proportion with this defect than 
would be found among the entire number of children in the areas 
studied. Even of the children brought for examination, the pro- 
portion reported as having rachitis is doubtless less than the true 
proportion. 

A somewhat smaller percentage, 1, were reported as malnour- 
ished — another cause of exclusion from the main tables. The largest 
percentage of malnourished children, 1.7, ^as found among those 
under 1 year of age. Probably only the more obvious cases of 
malnutrition were noted. The proportion of malnourished children 
is probably therefore much less than the true proportion among all 
children in the areas studied. 

A few of the children, 0.8 per cent, had heart abnormalities. The 
percentages increase from 0.2 at under 1 year to 3.3 at 6 years of age. 

For the other defects listed, as well as for those already mentioned, 
the percentages of children with each stated defect doubtless under- 
states the true proportion among all the children of these ages, either 
because the children with the defect — especially the more serious 
ones — were not brought for examination, or because the diagnosis 
was not made and noted uniformly, or for both reasons. 

RELATION OF DEFECT TO STATURE AND WEIGHT. 

The data secured were analyzed to determine the correlation, if 
any, between certain of the defects and deficiency in stature and 
weight. In considering this comparison the points already noted in 
regard to the definition and diagnosis of the different defects must 
be borne in mind. In determining, for example, the relation between 
defective tonsils and deficiency in weight, it must be remembered 
that the differences in degrees of defect are not known. If in a large 
proportion of cases the defect was present only in a slight degree, this 
fact would obviously reduce the amount of the deficiency in weight 
associated with the presence of abnormal tonsils. At the same time 
it should be borne in mind that, to show whether or not a given 
defect influences stature and weight, it is not essential that the group 
of children with the particular defect should include all those exam- 
ined who had the defect. Nor would even the inclusion in the group 
with the defect of a considerable number of normal children make a 
material difference. Such errors in general would merely lessen the 
amount of the differences between the average statures or weights 



68 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



of the two groups compared; in other words, it would reduce the 
size of the deficiency associated with the defect studied. 

In interpreting the amount of deficiency found, it should be remem- 
bered that the average heights and weights, to which those of the chil- 
dren with defects are compared, are for a group which includes some 
children with adenoids, diseased or enlarged tonsils, and carious teeth, 
and probably other children whose defects were not noted. The 
amount of error due to this inclusion of children with adenoids, dis- 
eased or enlarged tonsils, and carious teeth is estimated below as 
about 0.02 inch and 0.07 pound at 3 years, and 0.05 inch and 0.20 
pound at 4 and 5 years of age. 10 To correct the figures for this 
source of error, therefore, these amounts should be added to the 
deficiencies shown in Tables XXIV to XXIX. 

Table XXIV. — -Comparative stature and weight of children ivith rachitis; white children 
under 7 years of age; California and New York City. 



< 


White children with rachitis. 


Age. 


Number. 


Stature (inches). 


Weight (pounds). 




Average 
excess. 1 


Probable 
error of 
average 
excess. 


Per cent 
of excess. 


Average 
excess. 1 


Probable 
error of 
average 
excess. 


Per cent 
of excess. 




683 


-1.12 


±0.04 


-3.4 


-1.90 


±0.08 


- 7.2 








139 
205 
129 
92 
75 
36 
7 


- .64 
-1.07 
-1.42 
-1.27 
-1.29 
-1.41 

- .64 


.08 
.07 
.10 
.13 
.15 
.23 
.53 


-2.4 
-3.6 
-4.1 
-3.4 
-3.2 
-3.4 
-1.5 


-1.80 
-1.79 
-2.18 
-1.90 
-1.69 
-2.24 
-2.14 


.13 
.13 
.20 
.26 
.32 
.51 
1.26 


-10.4 




- 7.8 




- 7.8 




- 5.9 




- 4.7 




- 5.7 




- 5.2 









1 Excess shown as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average dif- 
ference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights and statures 
of children of the same sexes and ages (in months) in California and New York City. 

Table XXV. — Comparative stature and weight of children with malnutrition; white 
children under 7 years of age; California and New York City. 





White children with malnutrition. 


Age. 


Number. 


Stature (inches). 


Weight (pounds). 




Average 
excess.** 


Probable 
error of 
average 
excess. 


Per cent 
of excess. 


Average 
excess, o 


Probable 
error o f 
average 
excess. 


Per cent 
of excess. 




591 


-1.32 


±0.04 


-4.4 


-3.41 ±0.08 


-15.7 








311 
96 
41 
51 
46 
38 
8 


-1.63 

- .78 
-1.17 

- .90 
-1.13 
-1.12 
-1.45 


.05 
.11 
.18 
.17 
.19 
.22 
.50 


-6.6 
-2.6 
-3.4 
-3.4 
-2.9 
-3.7 
-3.3 


-3.57 
-3.02 
-4.37 
-3.52 
-3.23 
-1.93 
-5.75 


.09 1 -24.8 




.19 
.35 
.35 
.40 
.50 
1.18 


-13.5 




-15.5 




-10.9 




- 9.2 




- 5.0 




-13.7 









a Excess shown as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average 
difference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights and stat- 
ures of children of the same sexes and ages (in months) in California and New York City. 

»° See Table XXX, p. 74. 



CHILDREN WITH CERTAIN DEFECTS. 69 

The figures showing deficiencies are valuable so far as they show 
existence of a definite correlation between a defect and deficiency in 
stature or weight, even though they are not conclusive as to the 
amount of such correlation. 

Rachitis. 

In California and New York City 683 children under 7 years of age 
were diagnosed as having rachitis. Table XXIV shows that these 
children, in comparison with average children of the same sexes 
and ages, showed a deficiency in stature of 1J inches, or 3.4 per 
cent. A tendency appears for this deficiency in stature to increase 
with age. Thus among children 2 years of age the deficiency is 
over twice as great as among those less than 1 year of age. The 
percentage of deficiency in stature increases at the same time from 
2.4 under 1 year to 4.1 at 2 years of age. 

The deficiency in weight is even more marked. Thus the average 
deficiency for all children under 7 was nearly 2 pounds, or 7.2 per 
cent. The deficiency in weight appears to increase somewhat with 
age in absolute amount, though the percentage diminishes from 
slightly over 10 at less than 1 year of age to about 5 at from 4 to 6 
years of age. 

The average deficiencies are in most cases well over five times 
the probable error, and are, therefore, well outside the range of 
probable chance variation. 

Malnutrition. 

In all 591 children were diagnosed as being malnourished. Table 
XXV shows that the average deficiency of these children in stature 
was nearly 1 f inches, and in weight nearly 3^ pounds. The percentage 
deficiency in stature was 4.4, while the percentage deficiency in 
weight was 15.7. The largest proportion of cases found was under 
1 year of age, and this age group shows the largest percentage of 
deficiency both in height and weight. These children were almost 
25 per cent deficient in weight. This result is to be expected, since 
most of the physicians probably used marked deficiency of weight 
for height as a chief criterion for malnutrition. 

In these comparisons deficiency in weight is measured in respect 
to average weight for age. Since the deficiency in height is much 
less than that in weight, the malnourished and the rachitic children are 
also markedly deficient in weight for height. In general, however, 
the percentage of deficiency in weight for height is less than in weight 
for age. 

A rough approximation to the deficiency in weight for height of 
the malnourished children under 1 year of age can be found by the 
following computation : For ages under 1 year the average deficiency 
in stature is 1.63 inches. Tables II and III, pages 18-20, show that 
the range of height for ages under 1 year is, roughly, from 20 to 29 



70 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



inches. Table VI, page 29, shows that at these statures a difference 
of approximately 1.3 pounds of weight corresponds to each inch gain 
in stature, and hence the average deficiency of 1.63 inches in stature 
would correspond to approximately 2.1 pounds in weight. The 
actual deficiency in weight of 25 per cent, or 3.57 pounds, is nearly 1^ 
pounds more than would correspond to the deficiency in stature. 
Reference to Table VI, page 29, shows that the average weight for 
the different statures up to 28 inches is, roughly, about 15 pounds. 
Hence with a deficiency of 1.5 pounds, corresponding to an average 
weight of about 15 pounds, there would be an average deficiency in 
weight for height of 10 per cent. The deficiency in weight for height 
is evidently less than the deficiency in weight for age. 

Heart abnormality. 

The number of children diagnosed as having heart abnormality 
was comparatively small, only 444. Table XXVI shows that the 
average deficiency of these children in stature is only one-seventh 
of an inch, while the deficiency in weight is slightly over half a pound. 
The deficiencies are much greater under 1 year of age than at older 
ages. Thus the deficiency in stature under 1 year was about three- 
fourths inch and that in weight over 1£ pounds. The number of 
cases, however, is small and except for the group as a whole and for 
the first year the deficiencies are small in comparison with the 
probable errors, and a considerable play is therefore given to varia- 
tions due to chance. 

Table XXVI. — Comparative stature and weight of children with heart abnormality; 
white children under 7 years of age; California and New York City. 



Age. 



White children with heart abnormality. 



Number. 



Stature (inches). 



Average 



Probable 
error of 
average 
excess. 



Per cent 

of 
excess. 



Weight (pounds). 



Average 
excess. 1 



Probable 
error of 
average 
excess. 



Per cent 

of 
excess. 



All ages under 7 . 



Under lyear... 

1 year, under 2. . 

2 years, under 3. 

3 years, under 4. 

4 years, under 5. 

5 years, under 6. 

6 years, under 7. 



-0.15 



±0.05 



-0.4 



-0.57 



±0.11 



- 1.7 



34 
39 
39 
90 
113 
10S 
21 



- .73 

- .35 
+ .30 

- .05 

+ .04 

- .31 

- .04 



.16 
.17 
.18 
.13 
.12 
.13 
.31 



-2.9 
-1.1 
+ .9 

- .1 
+ -1 

- .7 

- .9 



-1.63 

- .75 

- .45 

- .65 

- .07 
-1.05 

- .33 



.26 
.29 
.35 
.27 
.26 
.30 
.73 



-10.4 

- 2.9 
+ 1.6 

- 2.0 

- .2 

- 2.7 

- .7 



1 Excess shown as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average 
difference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights and statures 
of children of the same sexes and ages (in months.) in California and New York City. 



CHILDREN WITH CERTAIN DEFECTS. 



71 



Carious teeth. 

The children reported as having carious teeth numbered 2,093, 
Table XXVII, and the comparison of the stature and weight of these 
children with those of average children of the same sexes and ages 
shows comparatively little difference when all ages are taken into 
consideration. For the entire group of children the average defi- 
ciency in stature is negligible, while the deficiency in weight averages 
only 2 ounces, but slightly over twice -the probable error. 

Table XXVII. — -Comparative stature and weight of children with carious teeth; white 
children under 7 years of age; California and New York City. 



Age. 



All ages under 7. 



Under 3 years. .. 

3 years, under 4- 

4 years, under 5 . 

5 years, under 6- 

6 years, under 7- 



Wliite children with carious teeth. 



Number. 



2,093 



224 
450 
714 
611 
94 



Stature (inches). 



Average 
excess. l 



-0.01 



+ .30 
+ .11 

- .13 

- .08 

- .06 



Probable 
error of 
average 
excess. 



±0.03 



.07 
.06 
.05 
.06 
.16 



Per cent 

of 
excess. 



-0.0 



+ .9 
+ .3 

- .3 
-1.9 

- .1 



Weight (pounds). 



Average 
excess. l 



-0.14 



+ .19 
+ .09 

- .28 

- .20 



Probable 
error of 
average 
excess. 



±0.06 



.15 
.12 
.11 
.13 
.37 



Per cent 
of 

excess. 



+ .7 
+ .3 



- .5 
-1.1 



1 Excess shown as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average 
difference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights and statures 
of children of the same sexes and ages (in months) in California and New York City. 

Diseased or enlarged tonsils, 

A comparatively large number of children, 10,276, were diagnosed 
as having either diseased or enlarged tonsils. An examination of 
Table XXVIII shows that for all ages together these children show 
no special deficiency in height, but that a deficiency in weight of one- 
eighth of a pound appears to be definitely established. The classifica- 
tion by age groups reveals a tendency among children over 2 years of 
age with these defects to be shorter and lighter than the averages for 
their ages, and for the deficiency to increase in amount as they grow 
older. Thus the children at 4 years of age diagnosed as having 
diseased or enlarged tonsils were slightly over a sixth of an inch 
shorter than average children of the same age. They were also 
almost half a pound below average weight for their ages, and were 
somewhat below average weight for their heights. The figures for 
6 years of age are not significant on account of the small numbers 
and the large probable error. 



72 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 











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— i 










3 


r 












1 




i 


~~ L, 








1 


_ 
— i 










\ 










..•? 




















[ 










_________ 



~° .-« 



>>;- 



CHILDREN WITH CERTAIN DEFECTS. 



73 



Table XXVIII. — Comparative stature and weight of children with enlarged or diseased 
tonsils; white children under 7 years of age; California and New York City. 



Age. 



All ages under 7 

Under 1 year 

1 year, under 2 

2 years, under 3 

3 years, under 4 

4 years, under 5 

5 years, under 6 

6 years, under 7 



White children with enlarged or diseased tonsils. 



Number. 



10,276 



662 
1,648 
2, 153 
2,203 
2,002 
1,430 

178 



Stature (inches). 



Average 
excess. 1 



-0.02 



+ 



54 
10 
02 

— .06 

- .15 

— .13 

- .13 



Probable 
error of 



±0.01 



.04 
.03 
.03 
.03 
.03 
.04 
.11 



Per cent 
of excess. 



-0.0 



+2.0 
+ .3 

- .1 

- .2 

- .4 

- .3 

- .3 



Weight (pounds). 



Average 
excess. 1 



-0.12 



+ .93 
+ .06 

- .02 

- .17 

- .46 

- .37 

- .01 



Probable 
error of 
average 
excess. 



±0.02 



.06 
.05 
.05 
.06 
.07 
.09 
.28 



Per cent 
of excess. 



—0.4 



+5.3 
+ .1 

- .1 

- .5 
-1.3 

- .9 

- .0 



1 Excess shown as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average 
difference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the weights and statures of 
average children of the same sexes and ages (in months) in California and New York City. 

Adenoids. 

In the two areas studied there was a total of 3,728 children who 
were diagnosed as having adenoids, as shown in Table XXIX. 
When the group as a whole is considered, these children show no 
significant difference from the average in stature; but a deficiency of 
one-fifth of a pound in weight, which, in comparison with the probable 
error, appears to be significant. When the figures are analyzed by 
age the same tendency appears as in the case of children with enlarged 
or diseased tonsils. Children over 1 year of age with adenoids appear 
to be deficient in weight as compared with average children. The 
children 4 years of age were slightly more than half a pound below 
the average weight for all children, and the deficiency at this age was 
larger than for younger ages. The figures for 5 and 6 years of age 
are not particularly significant on account of the small number of 
cases and the wide play given to chance variations. 

Table XXIX. — Comparative stature and weight of children with adenoids; white 
children under 7 years of age; California and New York City. 



Age. 



White children with adenoids. 



Number. 



Stature (inches). 



Average 
excess. 1 



Probable 
error of 
average 
excess. 



Per cent 
of excess. 



Weight (pounds). 



Probable 
error of 
average 
excess. 



Per cent 
of excess. 



All ages under 7 

Under 1 year 

1 year, under 2 

2years, under 3 

3 years, under 4 

4 years, under 5 

5 years, under 6 

6 years, under 7 



3,728 



+0.025 



±0.02 



+0.1 



-0.21 



±0.04 



-0.7 



304 
617 
744 
765 
695 
529 
74 



+ .48 
+ .12 

- .00 

- .01 

- .01 

- .00 
+ .29 



.05 
.04 
.04 
.05 
.05 
.06 
.17 



+1.8 
+ .4 



- .2 

- .2 

- .1 

+ .7 



+ .53 

- .09 

- .03 

- .47 

- .62 

- .27 
+ .77 



.09 
.08 
.08 
.10 
.10 
.14 
.41 



+3.2 

- .4 

- .1 
-1.5 
-1.7 

- .7 
+1.9 



1 Excess shown as positive, deficiency as negative. The average excess or deficiency is the average 
difference between what the children actually weighed and measured and the average weights and statures 
of children of the same sexes and ages (in months) in California and New York City. 



74 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



EFFECT OF INCLUSION OF CHILDREN WITH CERTAIN DEFECTS UPON 
GENERAL AVERAGES. 

Of the defects and diseases the influence of which upon stature and 
weight are here specially analyzed, carious teeth, enlarged or diseased 
tonsils, and adenoids were not given in the list on page 12 of defects 
and diseases which caused exclusion from the main tables of stature 
and weight. It would not have been possible to exclude uniformly 
in all States children with these defects, since there was no uniformity 
in reporting them. In many cases, children with adenoids or with 
diseased tonsils may not have had the fact noted on their record 
cards. The effect of including children with these three defects in 
the general tables is shown by the analyses given above, however, 
to be relatively slight, since for the ages considered the correlation 
between such defects and deficiency in stature and weight is slight. 

Nevertheless, if children with carious teeth, adenoids, and diseased 
or enlarged tonsils had been excluded — and if it had been possible to 
exclude them all uniformly — the average heights and weights found 
for all children would have been very slightly increased. And the 
amount of such increase can be estimated from the figures for average 
deficiencies in stature and weight and from the percentages of children 
with the different defects. 11 

Table XXX. — Approximate correction of general averages if children with specified 
defects had been uniformly excluded. 





Approximate correction of general averages. 


Age. 


Children with en- 
larged or diseased 
tonsils, adenoids, 
and carious teeth 
excluded. 


Children with dis- 
eased or enlarged 
tonsilsexcluded. 


Children with ade- 
noids excluded. 


Children with cari- 
ous teeth ex- 
cluded. 




Stature 
(inches). 


Weight 
(pounds). 


Stature 
(inches). 


Weight 
(pounds). 


Stature 
(inches). 


Weight 
(pounds). 


Stature 
(inches). 


Weight 
(pounds). 


3 years, under 4 

4 years, under 5 

5 years, under 6 


+0.02 
+ .05 
+ .05 


+0.07 
+ .20 
+ .18 


+0.02 
+ .05 
+ .05 


+0.06 
+ .17 
+ .16 




+0.05 
+ .06 

+ .03 


-0.01 
+ .01 
+ .01 


-0.01 




+ .03 




+ .03 







11 The method of making such an estimate is easily stated in algebraic terms. If m is the average stature 
or weight, ma the average for children with a given defect, and m the average for children without the 
defects, and if n is the total number, p the proportion with the defect, and q the proportion without it, then 

mn= mdnp+monq 
or, m=mdp+m q 

If e is the average excess (or deficiency) of the defective children over the average for all children, or, in 
symbols, 

TOd=m+e 
Then, m=mp+pe+moC 
mq—wioq=pe 
pe 



CHILDREN WITH CERTAIN DEFECTS. 75 

Such estimates, of course, have to be made on the assumption 
that the average deficiencies indicated in the tables are correct, 
even though the size of the probable errors shows that their amounts 
are subject to considerable doubt. They have also to be based 
on the assumption that the proportions of children with the given 
defects of the same degrees of seriousness are the same in the country 
as a whole as in the two areas specially studied. 

This process of correction makes no significant change in the 
averages for children under 3 years of age, since in these early years 
either the deficiency (or excess) in stature and weight is negligible 
or the proportion of cases is small. If, however, children with 
diseased or enlarged tonsils had been excluded in making up the 
general averages of stature and weight, the average statures at 3, 4, 
and 5 years would have been increased 0.02, 0.05, and 0.05 inch, 
respectively; and the average weights would have been increased 
0.06, 0.17, and 0.16 pound. Similar figures for adenoids and carious 
teeth are also given in Table XXX. 

The total correction for all three defects results in raising the 
average statures 0.02, 0.05, and 0.05 inch and the average weights 
0.07, 0.20, and 0.18 pound at 3, 4, and 5 years, respectively. In 
other words, the correction in stature is not over one-twentieth of an 
inch, while the correction in weight varies up to one-fifth of a pound 
for the ages included in the tabulations. 

In combining the figures for the three defects account is taken 
of the proportion of cases in which children with adenoids were 
reported as having also diseased or enlarged tonsils and the propor- 
tion in which children with carious teeth had one or both of the 
other defects. Only one-fifth of the children with adenoids were 
reported as not having diseased or enlarged tonsils, while one-half of 
those with carious teeth were reported as having neither adenoids 
nor diseased or enlarged tonsils. The children who had adenoids or 
carious teeth in addition to enlarged or diseased tonsils are already 
included in the group with diseased or enlarged tonsils, and the cor- 
rection made for defective tonsils necessarily includes the correc- 
tion for cases of combination with the other defects mentioned. 
The correction for adenoids only and that for carious teeth only need, 
therefore, to be added. 

CORRECTED AND SMOOTHED AVERAGES OF STATURE AND WEIGHT. 

In Table XXXI corrected and smoothed averages for stature 
and weight are given. To the smoothed averages already presented 
a correction is added to eliminate the effect of the inclusion in the 
basic tables of children with the three defects mentioned. This 
table, then, represents average statures and weights of boys and 
girls under 6 years of age based, as nearly as possible, upon children 
with no defects or diseases. 



76 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



Table XXXI. — Average statures and weights, by age, from birth to 6 years, smoothed 
and corrected figures; white children. 1 



Age. 



White boys. 



Stature Weight 
(inches), (pounds) 



White girls. 



Stature 
(inches). 



Under 1 month 

1 month, under 2 

2 months, under 3. . . 

3 months, under 4. . 

4 months, under 5. . . 

5 months, under 6. . . 

6 months, under 7. . . 

7 months, under 8. . 

8 months, under 9. . . 

9 months, under 10. 

10 months, under 11. 

11 months, under 12. 

12 months, under 13. 

13 months, under 14 

14 months, under 15 

15 months, under 16. 

16 months, under 17 

17 months, under 18 

18 months, under 19. 

19 months, under 20. 

20 months, under 21. 

21 months, under 22. 

22 months, under 23. 

23 months, under 24. 

24 months, under 25. 

25 months, under 26. 

26 months, under 27. 

27 months, under 28. 

28 months, under 29 

29 months, under 30 

30 months, under 31. 

31 months, under 32. 

32 months, under 33. 

33 months, under 34. 

34 months, under 35. 

35 months, under 36. 

36 months, under 37. 

37 months, under 38. 

38 months, under 39. 

39 months, under 40. 

40 months, under 41. 

41 months, under 42. 

42 months, under 43. 

43 months, under 44. 

44 months, under 45. 

45 months, under 46. 

46 months, under 47, 

47 months, under 48. 

48 months, under 49. 

49 months, under 50. 

50 months, under 51. 

51 months, under 52 

52 months, under 53 

53 months, under 54 

54 months, under 55 

55 months, under 56 

56 months, under 57 

57 months, under 58 

58 months, under 59 

59 months, under 60 

60 months, under 61 

61 months, under 62 

62 months, under 63 

63 months, under 64 

64 months, under 65 

65 months, under 66 

66 months, under 67 

67 months, under 68 

68 months, under 69 

69 months, under 70 

70 months, under 71. 

71 months, under 72 



21.16 
22.47 
23.58 
24.55 
25.38 
26.10 
26.72 
27.27 
27.76 
28.21 
28.64 
29.06 
29.47 
29.87 
30.26 
30.64 
31.02 
31.39 
31.76 
32.11 
32.44 
32.76 
33.06 
33.34 
33.62 
33.89 
34.16 
34.43 
34.71 
34.99 
35.27 
35.54 
35.79 
36.02 
36.24 
36.46 
36.67 
36.89 
37.11 
37.35 
37.58 
37.82 
38.07 
38.31 
38.53 
38.75 
38.94 
39.12 
39.29 
39.46 
39.63 
39.82 
40.01 
40.23 
40.45 
40.67 
40.88 
41.08 
41.27 
41.45 
41.62 
41.80 
41.98 
42.16 
42.36 
42.56 
42.76 
42.96 
43.15 
43.37 
43.53 
43.92 



9.11 

10.88 
12.61 
14.07 
15.37 
16.50 
17.47 
18.31 
19.04 
19.68 
20.27 
20.81 
21.32 
21.82 
22.31 
22.78 
23.25 
23.72 
24.18 
24.62 
25.04 
25.45 
25.84 
26.21 
26.58 
26.95 
27.31 
27.68 
28.06 
28.45 
28.83 
29.20 
29.56 
29.88 
30.18 
30.47 
30. 75 
31.05 
31.36 
31.70 
32.05 
32.41 
32.79 
33.13 
33.45 
33. 75 
34.02 
34.26 
34.49 
34.74 
34. 9S 
35.23 
35.52 
35.83 
36.14 
36.47 
36.81 
37.14 
37.48 
37.80 
38.11 
38.40 
38.68 
38.95 
39.25 
39.56 
39.89 
40.23 
40.59 
40.82 
40.37 
41.60 



20.89 
21.92 
23.09 
24.00 
24.83 
25.53 
26.15 
26.70 
27.20 
27.66 
28.10 
28.51 
28.91 
29.30 
29.69 
30.08 
30.47 
30.86 
31.24 
31.60 
31.93 
32.24 
32.53 
32.81 
33.09 
33.37 
33.66 
33.95 
34.24 
34.53 
34.82 
35.09 
35.34 
35.58 
35.81 
36.03 
36.25 
36.48 
36.72 
36.97 
37.22 
37.47 
37.72 
37.94 
38.15 
38.36 
38.55 
38.73 
38.93 
39.12 
39.31 
39.52 
39.74 
39.96 
40.19 
40.41 
40.63 
40.84 
41.03 
41.21 
41.39 
41.57 
41.74 
41.91 
42.08 
42.25 
42.43 
42.63 
42.86 
43.08 
43.44 
43.57 



1 Figures for the first 36 months are the same as in Table I. The figuresf or ages over 36 months are cor- 
rected to show statures and weights of healthy children without defects by using the corrections given in 
preceding section. The corrections, beginning with 36 months under 37, are for statures +0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 
0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.02, 0.02, 0.02, 0.03, 0.03, 0.03, 0.04, 0.04, 0.04, and then 0.05 uniformly to 71 months; for weight, 
+0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.19, and then 0.20 uni- 
formly to 71 months. For equivalents in centimeters and kilograms see General Table 23, p. 114. 



APPENDIX A. 

EXTRACT FROM "SUGGESTIONS TO EXAMINERS." 1 

Weighing. 

Children under 5 years should be undressed and weighed without 
clothing, or wrapped in a thin sheet or towel, the weight of which is 
deducted. Children over 5 years should be weighed in their ordi- 
nary indoor clothing-. Young babies, unable to stand, should be 
weighed, if possible, on scales equipped with a scale pan. A fresh 
paper towel should be laid in the pan and changed after each child is 
weighed. Where only large platform scales are available, a baby old 
enough to sit or stand may be set on the platform of the scale, on 
which is spread a fresh paper towel. If the baby is not old enough 
to sit alone, an adult holding the baby may be weighed and the 
weight of the adult deducted. 

Measuring. 

All children should be measured without shoes. 

To measure children able to stand : If the scales used are equipped 
with a measuring apparatus it should be used. Where this is not 
available, the child should be asked to stand against the wall with the 
heels and the back of the head touching the wall. His height is 
obtained by holding a book or small box horizontally on top of his 
head against the wall and measuring the space between the bottom 
of the book or the box and the floor. A convenient method is to tack 
a tape measure perpendicularly on the wall, beginning at the floor, 
and to measure by this. 

To measure babies unable to stand: An apparatus for measuring 
babies and young children may be made by nailing a headboard 
firmly across one end of the examination table. To this board 
attach one end of a linen tape measure and secure the other end 
firmly across the sheet which covers the table. Provide also a book 
end — one of the cheap, enameled kind sold for office use. The length 
of the baby may be quickly and accurately found by laying him upon 
the examination table, directly over the tape measure, with his head 
resting firmly against the headboard. Be sure that the baby is lying 
flat on the table, completely relaxed. The legs must not be bent at 
the hips or knees. Press the enameled book end squarely against 
the feet and read his length as indicated upon the tape measure. 
More elaborate types of apparatus on the same principle have been 
devised and are used in the same way. A baby may also be measured 
by laying him on a table and measuring between two books held one 
at the head and the other at the feet. 

i April and May Weighing and Measuring Test. Part 2, Suggestions to Examiners, Children's Bureau 
Leaflet No. 2, Part 2. Bureau Publication No. 38. 

77 



APPENDIX B. 

ACCURACY OF MATERIAL. 

The subject of the accuracy of the material is important. With 
material collected from many physicians all over the country, and 
with probably considerable variation in the methods of weighing and 
measuring employed, it is necessary to know within what limits the 
material may be considered as accurate. 

Some light can be thrown upon the accuracy of the material by an 
analysis of the units in which heights and weights were reported. 
In Appendix Tables 1 and 2 the different sections of the country and 
the white and Negro races are compared, in regard to the units of 
heights and weights used, on the basis of samples of at least 4,000 
measurements for each section or race group considered. It appears 
that height was reported for about one-twelfth of the total white 
children in eighths of inches; for about two-fifths either in quarters 
or in eighths of inches, for two-fifths more in half inches only, and 
for about one-sixth to the nearest inch. 

The white children were measured with a considerably greater 
degree of accuracy than the Negro children. The heights of only 
one-twentieth of the Negro children were reported in eighths of 
inches, and those of only about one- third in either quarters or eighths 
of inches. Between one-fourth and one-fifth of the records of heights 
of Negro children were made to the nearest inch. 

The different sections show approximately the same degree of 
accuracy in reports of the heights of white children. California has 
the largest proportion of cases reported in eighths of inches, followed 
by the East North-Central division. The Western section has the 
smallest proportion reported in even inches, again followed by the 
East North-Central division. 

In regard to weights, approximately one-fifth of the white children 
had their weights reported in ounces, nearly one-half either in ounces 
or quarter pounds, somewhat less than one-third in half pounds, and 
nearly one-fourth in even pounds. The reporting of weights for 
Negro children appears to have been somewhat more carefully done 
than for white children. 

As in the case of height, there is comparatively little difference in 
the accuracy with which the weights of white children were reported 
in the different sections. The New England and Middle Atlantic 
States show the highest proportion reported in ounces, followed 
closely by the Western section. The Southern section had the 
highest proportion reported in even pounds, followed closely by 
California. 
78 



APPENDIXES. 79 

It should be borne in mind, however, in interpreting these figures, that 
the use of a comparatively coarse instead of a fine unit in entering the 
measurements may not affect the accuracy of the final results. Thus, 
if the heights of 1,000 children were reported in eighths of inches, and 
tabulated first in eighths of inches, as reported, and then tabulated a 
second time, grouping heights to the nearest inch, the resulting aver- 
ages would be substantially the same. The only difference in the 
results would be due to an unequal distribution of the occurrence 
of fractional eighths of inches. If the fractional eighths of inches 
were distributed uniformly above and below the even inches, the 
resulting averages would be identical. The figures, however, do 
give an indication of the general care with which heights and 
weights were secured; and, other things being equal, a measurement 
that permits of a statement in eighths of inches is more likely to be 
accurate and carefully made than a measurement which is roughly 
entered in inches or pounds. 

Besides the fineness of the unit used in reporting heights and weights 
another factor which affects the accuracy of the material is the re- 
porting of age. Obviously errors in age would affect the accuracy 
of both heights and weights in relation to age. The age was secured 
in all cases by subtracting the date of birth, as entered on the 
children's year cards, from the date of examination, as reported by 
the examining physician. There were, therefore, no chances of error 
through reporting age in even years, except that in cases where a 
rough statement of age was given by the mother the date of birth 
might have been estimated from the date of examination. Such 
statements of age, if inexact, would ordinarily be concentrated on 
even years. In these cases where the date of birth was estimated 
by subtracting even years from the date of examination, the month 
and day of the birth date would be identical with the month and day 
of the examination date. A study was therefore made of a sample 
of 608 records selected at random in which the age was 12, 24, 36, 
48, or 60 months to determine the proportion of cases where the day 
of the month was identical in the two dates. It was found that 
instead of the 20 expected on the basis of chance, there were actually 
43 cases where the month and the day of the month were identical. 
There appears, therefore, to be a tendency toward concentration, 
but the tendency is slight, the excess concentration constituting 
perhaps 4 per cent of the total number reported at these ages. 

A result of a tendency toward concentration would be that the 
groups of children whose ages were classified under the months cor- 
responding to even years would contain some who were actually a few 
months older and others who were a few months younger than stated. 
As a result the heights and weights of these children would vary 
more than the heights and weights of children whose ages were exactly 



80 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



stated. Such a tendency, therefore, in reporting of age would appear 
in the measures of variability of children at exactly even years of age. 
The tables, however, show that the standard deviation does not 
exhibit any marked tendency for the variability to increase at 12 
months, 24 months, 36 months, 48 months, or 60 months. It may 
fairly be inferred, therefore, that the reporting of age was on the whole 
accurate. It may be pointed out, moreover, that even if a concentra- 
tion at the even years appeared, if it was due to overstatement and 
to understatement of age in equal proportions, it would probably not 
affect materially the average heights and weights. 

Table I.— Accuracy of reporting of heights, by sections, and by race. 





Total. 




Children whose heights were reported 


in>— 




Section. 


Eighth inches. 


Quarter inches. 


Half inches. 


Inches. 




Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


White 


26,273 


2,198 


8.4 


9,035 


34.4 


10, 599 


40.3 


4,441 


16.9 






New England and Mid- 


4.505 
4,568 
4, 302 
4,335 
4,252 
4,311 


238 
312 
440 
360 
370 
478 


5.3 
6.8" 

10.2 
8.3 
8.7 

11.1 


1, 657 
1,486 
1,404 
1,610 
1,497 
1,381 


36.8 
32.5 
32.6 
37.1 
35.2 
32.0 


1,720 
1,955 
1,804 
1,691 
1,749 
1,680 


38.2 
42.8 
41.9 
39.0 
41.1 
39.0 


890 
815 
654 
674 
636 
772 


19.8 




17.8 


East North-Central 


15.2 
15.5 




15.0 




17.9 








4,976 


270 


5.4 


1,273 


25.6 


2,286 


45.9 


1,147 


23.1 







i Estimated from distribution measurements according to fractional parts of inches. 
Table 2. — Accuracy of reporting of weights, by sections, and by race. 





Total. 


Children whose weights were reported in>— 


Section. 


Ounces. 


Quarter pounds. 


Half pounds. 


Pounds. 




Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


White 


26,273 


5,016 


19.1 


7,473 


28.4 


7,692 


29.3 


6,092 


23.2 






New England and Mid- 


4,505 
4,568 
4,302 
4,335 
4,252 
4,311 


937 
716 
852 
818 
880 
813 


20.8 
15.7 
19.8 
18.9 
20.7 
18.9 


1,326 
1,175 
1,185 
1,433 
1,314 
1,040 


29.4 
25.7 
27.5 
33.1 
30.9 
24.1 


1,320 
1,493 
1,297 
1,213 
1,007 
1,362 


29.3 
32.7 
30.1 
28.0 
23.7 
31.6 


922 

1,184 

968 

871 

1,051 

1,096 


20.5 




25.9 


East Ncrth-Central 


22.5 
20.1 




24.7 




25.4 








4,976 


1,547 


31.1 


1,073 


21.6 


1,146 


23.0 


1,210 


24.3 







1 Estimated from distribution of weights according to ounces. 



APPENDIX C. 

PROBABLE ERRORS OF AVERAGES. 

It is a well-known fact that averages for different groups of children 
aged 6 months, for example, are not always exactly the same, but 
vary slightly because of the inclusion of particular individuals in 
the different groups. This variation between averages occurs with- 
out any conscious or biased selection, and even where there is only 
a chance selection of cases. Obviously, other things being equal, 
the larger the number of children in a group the less influence upon 
the average will be exerted by the chance inclusion of a child of 
extreme stature or weight. 

The meaning of the term "probable error of an average" may best 
be explained in terms of the standard deviation. As explained in 
the text, the standard deviation shows the variability of the measure- 
ments about an average. Similarly, the standard deviation of an 
average shows the variability of a number of averages about a 
central average. The standard deviation of an average can be cal- 
culated directly from the standard deviation of the individual 
measurements by dividing it by the square root of the number of 
measurements upon which the average is based. 

The interpretation of the standard deviation of the average follows 
the same terms as the interpretation of the standard deviation of the 
individual measurements. As the standard deviation of statures or 
weights gives a statement of the number of inches or pounds above 
or below the average within which roughly two-thirds of the measure- 
ments will be found to lie, so the standard deviation of an average 
of stature or weight gives a statement of the number of inches or 
pounds above or below a central average within which roughly two- 
thirds of a series of averages, each based upon the same number of 
cases, would be found to lie. 

The "probable error/' or, perhaps better, the probable deviation, 
is a technical term with a special meaning. The probable error is 
equal to the standard deviation times 0.6745. The word "probable" 
is used to mean that it is equally probable that a measurement will 
fall inside or outside the limits of the probable error from the average. 
"Error" is a term borrowed from the early application of the normal 
or Gaussian curve to a study of the distribution of errors of measure- 
ment. 

The probable error, then, affords a measure of the influence of 
chance errors, or of a chance selection of cases upon the average. Since 
49079°— 21 6 81 



82 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 

variations due to chance errors or to a chance selection of cases rarely 
exceed five or six times the probable error, it affords a measure also 
of the extreme range of error in an average due to chance. Five or 
six times the probable error may, therefore, be taken as the extreme 
range of error in an average which may be due to chance or random 
sampling from a large group. 

The larger the group in the sample the smaller the probable error. 
At 6 months of age, for example, the probable error of the average 
weight for the group of 1912 boys included in the table is found to be 
plus or minus 0.04 pounds. The maximum error in this average due 
to chance would, therefore, probably not exceed six times this figure, 
or a quarter of a pound. If the group had included only one-fourth 
this number of cases, the probable error of the average would have 
been twice as large or, in other words, the maximum error in the 
average due to chance would probably not have exceeded half a 
pound. 

It should be specially emphasized that, as the standard deviation 
of the individual measurements does not reflect errors of measure- 
ment but merely variations in individuals, so the " probable error of 
an average" — 0.6745 times the standard deviation of the average — 
does not afford any indication of errors in an average due to a definite 
bias. It merely measures variability in an average due to chance 
selection of cases. Errors due to the inclusion of weights of clothing 
to a biased selection of nationalities characterized by short or tall 
stature, or to fundamental biased errors in measurement are not 
indicated in the " probable error." 



GENERAL TABLES. 



83 



GENERAL TABLES. 



Table 1. — Average statures and weights in centimeters and kilograms by sex, from birth 
to 6 years; smoothed figures; white children. 



Age. 



Under 1 month 

1 month, under 2 

2 months, under 3 

3 months, under 4 

4 months, under 5 

5 months, under 6 

6 months, under 7 

7 months, under 8 

8 months, under 9 

9 months, under 10. . . 

10 months, under 11. . 

11 months, under 12. . 

12 months, under 13. . 

13 months, under 14. . 

14 months, under 15. . 

15 months, under 16. . 

16 months, under 17. . 

17 months, under 18. . 

18 months, under 19. . 

19 months, under 20. . 

20 months, under 21. . 

21 months, under 22. . 

22 months, under 23. . 

23 months, under 24. . 

24 months, under 25. . 

25 months, under 26. . 

26 months, under 27. . 

27 months, under 28. . 

28 months, under 29. . 

29 months, under 30. . 

30 months, under 31. . 

31 months, under 32. . 

32 months, under 33. . 

33 months, under 34. . 

34 months, under 35. . 

35 months, under 36. . 

36 months, under 37. 

37 months, under 38. . 

38 months, under 39. . 

39 months, under 40. . 

40 months, under 41. . 

41 months, under 42. . 

42 months, under 43. . 

43 months, under 44. 

44 months, under 45. , 

45 months, under 46. 

46 months, under 47. . 

47 months, under 48. 

48 months, under 49. 

49 months, under 50. . 

50 months, under 51. . 

51 months, under 52. . 

52 months, under 53. . 

53 months, under 54. 

54 months, under 55. 

55 months, under 56. 

56 months, under 57. 

57 months, under 58. 

58 months, under 59. 

59 months, under 60. 

60 months, under 61. 

61 months, under 62. 

62 months, under 63. 

63 months, under 64. 

64 months, under 65. 

65 months, under 66. 

66 months, under 67. 

67 months, under 68. 

68 months, under 69. 

69 months, under 70. 

70 months, under 71. 

71 months, under 72. 



White boys. 


White girls. 


Average 


Average 


Average 


Average 


stature 


weight 
(kilo- 


stature 


weight 


(centi- 


(centi- 


(kilo- 


meters). 


grams). 


meters). 


grams). 


53.7 


4.13 


53.1 


3.92 


57.1 


4.94 


55.7 


4.60 


59.9 


5.72 


58.6 


5.31 


62.4 


6.38 


61.0 


5.91 


64.5 


6.97 


63.1 


6.46 


66.3 


7.39 


64.8 


6.95 


67.9 


7.92 


66.4 


7.38 


69.3 


8.31 


67.8 


7.75 


70.5 


8.64 


69.1 


8.08 


71.7 


8.93 


70.3 


8.37 


72.8 


9.19 


71.4 


8.63 


73.8 


9.44 


72.4 


8.87 


74.9 


9.67 


73.4 


9.09 


75.9 


9.90 


74.4 


9.30 


76.9 


10.12 


75.4 


9.51 


77.8 


10.33 


76.4 


9.72 


78.8 


10.55 


77.4 


9.92 


79.7 


10.76 


78.4 


10.14 


80.7 


10.97 


79.3 


10.35 


81.6 


11.17 


80.3 


10.55 


82.4 


11.36 


81.1 


10.74 


83.2 


11.54 


81.9 


10.92 


84.0 


11.72 


82.6 


11.09 


84.7 


11.89 


83.3 


11.25 


85.4 


12.06 


84.0 


11.42 


86.1 


12.22 


84.8 


11.58 


86.8 


12.39 


85.5 


11.76 


87.5 


12.56 


86.2 


11.93 


88.2 


12.73 


87.0 


12.11 


88.9 


12.90 


87.7 


12.29 


89.6 


13.08 


88.4 


12.46 


90.3 


13.24 


89.1 


12.63 


90.9 


13.41 


89.8 


12.79 


91.5 


13.55 


90.4 


12.95 


92.0 


13.69 


91.0 


13.10 


92.6 


13.82 


91.5 


13.24 


93.2 


13.95 


92.1 


13.39 


93.7 


14.08 


92.7 


13.53 


94.3 


14.22 


93.3 


13.67 


94.8 


14.37 


93.9 


13.82 


95.4 


14.52 


94.5 


13.97 


96.0 


14.68 


95.1 


14.12 


96.6 


14.84 


95.8 


14.26 


97.3 


14.99 


96.3 


14.39 


97.8 


15.13 


96.9 


14.51 


98.3 


15.26 


97.4 


14.64 


98.8 


15.38 


97.8 


14.76 


99.3 


15.49 


98.3 


14.87 


99.7 


15.59 


98.8 


14.99 


100.1 


15.69 


99.3 


15.11 


100.6 


15.79 


99.7 


15.23 


101.0 


15.90 


100.3 


15.35 


101.5 


16.03 


100.8 


15.50 


102.1 


16.16 


101.4 


15.64 


102.6 


16.30 


102.0 


15.79 


103.2 


16.45 


102.5 


15.94 


103.7 


16.61 


103.1 


16.08 


104.2 


16.76 


103.6 


16.22 


104.7 


16.91 


104.1 


16.35 


105.2 


17.05 


104.5 


16.49 


105.6 


17.20 


105.0 


16.62 


106.0 


17.33 


105.5 


16.76 


106.5 


17.45 


105.9 


16.89 


107.0 


17.58 


106.3 


17.02 


107.5 


17.71 


106.8 


17.15 


108.0 


17.85 


107.2 


17.28 


108.5 


18.00 


107.6 


17.43 


109.0 


18.16 


108.2 


17.57 


109.5 


18.32 


108.7 


17.75 


110.0 


18.47 


109.3 


17.93 


110.4 


18.67 


110.2 


18.22 


111.4 


18.78 


110.5 


18.31 



85 



86 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



Tab^e 2. — Average statures and weights, in centimeters and kilograms, by sex, from birth 
to 6 years; after original data; white children. 



Age. 



Under 1 month , 

1 month, under 2 

2 months, under 3 

3 months, under 4 

4 months, under 5 

5 months, under 6 

6 months, under 7 

7 months, under 8 

8 months, under 9 

9 months, under 10 

10 months, under 11. . 

11 months, under 12. . 

12 months, under 13. . 

13 months, under 14. . 

14 months, under 15. . 

15 months, under 16. . 

16 months, under 17. . 

17 months, under 18. . 

18 months, under 19. . 

19 months, under 20. . 

20 months, under 21. . 

21 months, under 22. . 

22 months, under 23. . 

23 months, under 24. . 

24 months, under 25. . 

25 months, under 26. . 

26 months, under 27. . 

27 months, under 28. . 

28 months, under 29. . 

29 months, under 30. . 

30 months, under 31. . 

31 months, under 32. . 

32 months, under 33. . 

33 months, under 34. . 

34 months, under 35. . 

35 months, under 36. . 

36 months, under 37. . 

37 months, under 38. . 

38 months, under 39. . 

39 months, under 40. . 

40 months, under 41. . 

41 months, under 42. . 

42 months, under 43. . 

43 months, under 44. . 

44 months, under 45. . 

45 months, under 46. . 

46 months, under 47. . 

47 months, under 48. . 

48 months, under 49. 

49 months, under 50. 

50 months, under 51. 

51 months, under 52. 

52 months, under 53. 

53 months, under 54. 

54 months, under 55. 

55 months, under 56. 

56 months, under 57. 

57 months, under 58. 

58 months, under 59. 

59 months, under 60. 

60 months, under 61. 

61 months, under 62. 

62 months, under 63. 

63 months, under 64. 

64 months, under 65. 

65 months, under 66. 

66 months, under 67. 

67 months, under 68. 

68 months, under 69. 

69 months, under 70. 

70 months, under 71. 

71 months, under 72. 



White boys. 



Number. 



Average 
stature 
(centi- 
meters). 



595 
1,431 
1,754 
1,826 
1,863 
1,809 
1,912 
1,851 
1,746 
1,860 
1,814 
1,838 
1,575 
1,364 
1,281 
1,328 
1,216 
1,278 
1,289 
1,206 
1,171 
1,242 
1,300 
1,284 
1,354 
1,272 
1,253 
1,269 
1,321 
1,240 
1,205 
1,201 
1,217 
1,241 
1,311 
1,283 
1,258 
1,176 
1,171 
1,177 
1,167 
1,188 
1,126 
1,198 
1,164 
1,205 
1,203 
1,236 
1,171 
1,104 
1,127 
1,075 
1,171 
1,068 
1,040 
1,025 
1,028 
1,081 
1,052 
1,028 
624 
582 
527 
499 
508 
492 
405 
404 
433 
385 
380 
368 



Average 
weight 
(kilo- 
grams). 



53.7 
57.1 
59.9 
62.3 
64.4 
66.2 
67.8 
69.1 
70.1 
71.2 
72.3 
73.4 
74.6 
75.5 
76.6 
77.3 
78.5 
79.4 
80.7 
81.6 
82.1 
82.9 
83.9 
84.4 
85.4 
86.1 
95.6 
87.2 
87.7 
88.8 
89.7 
90.4 
91.1 
91.5 
91.8 
92.7 
93.1 
93.7 
94.2 
94.8 
95.4 
96.1 
96.7 
97.5 
98.1 
98.7 
99.0 
99.6 
99.6 
100.4 
100.8 
101.1 
101.4 
102.2 
102.8 
103.5 
104.1 
104.7 
104.8 
105.4 
105.7 
106.6 
106.9 
106.8 
107.5 
108.2 
109.0 
109.8 
109.7 
110.0 
110.4 
111.4 



White girls. 



Number. 



4.13 
4.93 
5.72 
6.40 
6.95 
7.52 
7.95 
8.30 
8.60 
8.82 
9.13 
9.38 
9.61 
9.83 
10.08 
10.18 
10.45 
10.71 
10.95 
11.19 
11.24 
11.47 
11.73 
11.80 
12.01 
12.26 
12.32 
12.49 
12.63 
12.88 
13.12 
13.23 
13.46 
13.55 
13.67 
13.83 
13.96 
14.05 
14.16 
14.35 
14.49 
14.72 
14.86 
15.06 
15.12 
15.36 
15.47 
15.52 
15.59 
15.71 
15.86 
15.92 
16.00 
16.23 
16.34 
16.50 
16.72 
16.80 
16.99 
17.13 
17.23 
17.47 
17.72 
17.52 
17.74 
17.81 
18.10 
18.45 
18.47 
18.47 
18.67 
18.78 



stature 
(centi- 
meters). 



543 
1,360 
1,631 
1,835 
1,791 
1,701 
1,816 
1,800 
1,773 
1,773 
1,814 
1,656 
1,407 
1,293 
1,285 
1,275 
1,295 
1,179 
1,268 
1,266 
1,156 
1,192 
1,163 
1,208 
1,276 
1,192 
1,249 
1,182 
1,232 
1,184 
1,167 
1,210 
1,142 
1,264 
1,219 
1,188 
1,204 
1,133 
1,124 
1,164 
1,152 
1,201 
1,103 
1,116 
1,167 
1,195 
1,236 
1,193 
1,269 
1,088 
1,137 
1,114 
1,154 
1,161 
1,048 
1,010 
995 
984 
1,016 
1,045 
634 
540 
572 
513 
478 
480 
471 
415 
402 
379 
409 
366 



Average 
weight 
(kilo- 
grams). 



53.1 

55.7 
58.0 
60.9 
62.8 
64.5 
66.2 
67.5 
68.6 
69.7 
70.9 
72.0 
72.9 
74.1 
74.9 
75.9 
76.8 
78.0 
79.3 
80.1 
81.0 
81.6 
82.2 
83.0 
83.8 
84.4 
85.3 
85.8 
86.5 
87.6 
88.4 
89.3 
89.5 
90.1 
90.9 
91.2 
92.0 
92.4 
93.0 
93.7 
94.1 
95.1 
96.0 
96.3 
96.8 
97.3 
97.8 
98.0 
99.0 
99.4 
99.8 
99.9 
100.6 
101.4 
102.1 
102.6 
103.3 
103.5 
104.3 
104.4 
105.1 
105.9 
105.8 
106.5 
106.6 
107.4 
107.8 
108.2 
108.5 
109.3 
110.2 
110.5 



3.92 
4.60 
5.31 
5.92 
6.48 
6.98 
7.37 
7.76 
8.05 
8.31 
8.59 
8.84 
9.01 
9.26 
9.40 
9.62 
9.79 
10.08 
10.33 
10.53 
10.72 
10.85 
11.04 
11.19 
11.38 
11.52 
11.69 
11.85 
12.06 
12.24 
12.45 
12.67 
12.73 
12.87 
13.10 
13.22 
13.40 
13.50 
13.59 
13.79 
13.89 
14.12 
14.31 
14.47 
14.43 
14.62 
14.75 
14.81 
15.06 
15.11 
15.21 
15.28 
15.48 
15.62 
15.78 
16.05 
16.17 
16.11 
16.38 
16.48 
16.67 
16.93 
16.78 
17.05 
17.16 
17.21 
17.54 
17.38 
17.60 
17.93 
18.22 
18.31 



GENEKAL TABLES. 



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a 

o 


a 

i- 


a 

CN 


a 

CO 


a 





88 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



co 



















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— i 


















l-H 








•# 


















5 




















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3 
















CO 




























— IrHCNCO 






















































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CO 


(NCOtH •CM'* 




























CO 












■* 










'• ■>JI i-H i-H CO CM (O 




CM CM -CO • IN t- O 
























CO 










■* 






HMNrtOWlOOO 


























CO 








CO 






CMCMootpTcooors 

l-l r* ■* -* >o t- ^H 
















00 


»-! .-1 CN tN CN •* CO 








r ^ 






CO 










t*-^-r!<cph-COC-0 
r-tCNCO^CDOO^*-^ 




















CO 








CO 


rtrH 




OOOIOONHHO 
SO O ■* 00 CO -* CM •«< 




















o 


CO 








CO 


























a 








a 




lOHM-f COMING 
H(N(NNCCCC«M 








r-cNOcococNCEt-- 

WCNCOCOCOCOCMCN 










3 


CO 




«n 


CO 










3 




















OSCOCOCOCOeNO"* 








tOiONNCOHOQ 






































© 


















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2 








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MNMrlH 




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r£ 








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O ■* 00 lO CO CN i-H 












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rH t^ lO CO « (N W 














CO 






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o> CM CO 00 ■-< CO 








CO t>- t-I iO "<* CO i-i i-H 






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cocococococococo 




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o 


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a 






Eh 


rt 






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CO 1^ °C oi Q -* CM CO 


CD 

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scflcaccs 






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3S3S3333 






3PD3:3D33 








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CGGGCOCGCGCGWW 
































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CflflflflCCC 








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aaaaaaaa 






aaaaaaaa 








m 


co r- 


X 


<J> 


8 


3 


S 










CO 
(N 


3 


into 

C) CN 


r-oooi 


o 

CO 





GENEKAL TABLES. 



89 



2 A 

















rH 


rH 


rH 






















rH 










S 


















3 
































,_, 














































-H< 






























H 


,_, 
























3 




















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■* 


























lOi-HirD-^co^cD-*^ 






!,_|,_|rH 








3 








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■* 
















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• ,-| rH^HCO*-! 




























CM 






















NNCOOaOiOOO 
tH r-4 ri <M rH O* <N 






















© 

a 


CO 


















rt 








OOt-lCOtpHNPOO 
i-lC<IC<IC^COCOO*<N 










t~ 




in 


■* 


t*OKNMI>COQiO 




*1 








■S 














ra 






©■^OOCOt^t^-uOt* 




.y 










C^COCJCOC^CacqN 




































■O 










* 




















-OaCCO^cOOOCOC* 




+3 






3 










00 












CO 




£ 








£2 












Cq^cDeOOOCOt^CO 

os^^cocor^io^ 


CD 
















t~ 


C^tMCNr-ICNi-lrHr-l 






CO 
















N 














iO*Ot»iOOOH40i*0 












CO 






CD 


OOJtONOOONiO 


















(?5<Mi-H 
















lO 






















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CO 








CO 






CO 


<N CO C3 O* rH rH 




Ot-"* CO CD <M 


CO 


























CO 










CO 










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HH 




































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CO 








<M 




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i-Hi-4 


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<s 




COOOOH^OOO 








i-4 t-H 


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03 


1 

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CO 












cocococococococo 




































-«! 


03 








a> 


rH : 


















c 


Ht^HHCOOOCOH 








































£1 


(NNfNCOMNHH 




03 


s 


OC^C005CDcOi-tt*» 

COiOOOOCOCOOOOi 




o 
6* 












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03 


3 






PI 






a 














t> 




CO CC CO CO CO CO CO CO 




























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0Q 




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fe 


b-t^-QQCpOO^lOCO 

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c 


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a 








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VHtHt-HtrHUtHr-.t-. 

(DiJOOCr'O^C'O 








dddddrtdd 

333ss333 












s, 




ddddcddg 
33332333 








art's dflrtriri 


<i 




m vj zrj w vj m uj co 

rtrtrtrtrt fl rt d 






















aaaaaaaa 






aaaaaaaa 








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5> 




3 


IT 

c 










1 






§°r 


K 


IS 


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SCI 


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K,0 



90 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



►a 



o 























-1 


















>h 




















— i 




C< 














00 
























05 
■* 






















8 




















^ ; 


H 








,_, 


rHiH 


,_, 


■* 






_, 




rt 




















































•* 


















■* 














•* 












_ • 


,_, ; 




-HCOt~ 




WN^COrtNWOl 




-*COi-lMC<ICM'*00 






¥ 
















■<* 








■* 






ICiOHlOCD^H^ 




MisncDnoiON 




COCOOOC<IO»0000> 






























•* 


























*>»t£IOOHOOO 










3! 


HNN COCO 








•O 


>-ICOCO<NCO<MCOCO 








S 


w(N(NC0(N<NCO'* 


























•* 


^J< U21-- 00 .— 1 lO tO tO 








CS CO CO'*'* SO "2 "3 






-* 










1-< 














Nr-0(N(NfON»0 




osTt^^i-ir^ooit^ 




■*COtO>OOOt>.000 






•*< 


ccco^h^^cococO 






CO 

-* 








■* 


tor^ooooosooooco 








OONiONO>OCDO 

©ONOXMOO 








00<N~*O0<Nt~COt~ 








tO"*COC<ltOOtD(N 

aioot-r-ooaof- 












3 


NO)^tO<N-H«» 












■w 
















1-H 1—1 






COtOt^t-'ft-O-H 




t~O0CO'*<N<NC»'*»< 
OOOOtOtOOO"i-* 






3 


tO^fCO^'OCOC^CO 




















CM <N <N <N IN <N <N (N 




ft 


•* 


INNMCfHHrt 












o 






















.3 








a 








■a 




















g 








a 




















o 


or~r^*-*oototo 






oot^t--*-*cococo 






CO 


WNlNNNWHH 








(NHrHH rH 




3 








to 

3 






>> 
o 


2 






- 














HHCOOlOlOCi* 




^HtOtOO-*0500tO 


>> 

o 

o 


c3 


oo 

CO 


ih oi r- »o ••f ■'t Oi oo 


- 


C3 
03 


CO 


(NN«ait>fnc> 


>> 


3 

■Ja 


U 


■0"*-*CO<N<-l^H^H 




NHOJ^OOh-OOl 




iocoo-*coco»ooo 




0C-nOOstOt~00r~ 


2 




1^ 


HONt^'CfD'OM 








(D 

a 






NMii 




CO 


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£ 
















CDrt<C0^^»OC^O5 
»o T*« CO CO O* CO c* 




00O00i-tt~IN'*<N 










CO 
CO 






CO 


<NCO-HN(N -* 


is 




CO 






OliCHOO)XO>0 




r-ooc-j o-h-h 










































CO 








CO 










CO 






CO 


N^"0«W(0 


CO 


CO 


1— IN rt <N t-< CO 






to 

CO 




rt-H-H 


rt 


rt 








































i-l iH 








H 






-H-H 








rt 
















•* 


































CO 










CO 
















CO 
















^i-H^H 




t-hco 










_ 




,_ 




































































CO 












CO 












































_ 




H 




















































































CO 












CO 


















CO 
























_j - 








H 




,_, 
















































































<N 
























CO 


















CO 






















CO 




















<i 






a 












,_, 












b 




































r 


3 


HNiOtOCOOXN-* 




3 


3 


t-^OCMCX^tOOrt 






CO 


















a 


03 


OJ OJ OJ OS OH Oi O C 




a 


"c3 


OO-H-H— 1— I — (M 










































"4 








< 


tc 






S a> 


to^cooocoto^-* 

■*MO>MlNffirta) 














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2 3 


MCJNCNICOCOCOCO 
















CldXiOWMCOCl 




> C3 






x> 


<Ni-ii-i^H©i-H©© 






.Q 


ooooooao 




-si « 






c 


3 

a 






c- 


a 

s 










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OOOC*»OTt<CO"3Q 




































■S.O 

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H 3 

a 


























































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1? 


c 






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CO 

< 




TtiTiHirtiOiC^5»ra'0 


to 

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ir]ioiO»0(OCDCOO 




COcOtOtOtOCOt"-r— 


























o 










■^ ^ "Xd T^ tJ ^J '0 ^J 
















ceggggcc 






sgssssgg 

33333333 


-4 


33333333 
33333333 








.3 J3 S3 .3 .3 ,3 J3 .fi 






.3 .3 .3 .3 J3 .3 .3 .3 




j= .a .s .3 j3 .3 A A 


























cflccscca 






cssaacaa 




33333SSS 








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OOOOOOOO 








aaaaaaaa 






aaaaaaaa 




aaaaaaaa 














uDeOt^QOOiO^W 




co-<j<*otot— oooao 








■^ 


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5^ 


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<C 





























GENERAL TABLES. 



91 



: rtrH -a 













■* 


H 


w 


i-i 


pH 


NN 


















rH 






















^H 










































OCOtOCO^CCNi-lcN 










w 










00 








« 














<N"*i«lO'«f-*J<Tt<eN 




.-HCNtH 


































■>* 


















hhooob")* 




_ 


•*CNCM 




























■* 
















CO«D^tDT}l^lOtO 




t- ■* CM i-l t- 


























■* 














ir5t~c--'**-*t*OOmoO 




CO^H00U3>O 








3 


QOMHrtHrtH 






!tf 












OONNWOHIO^ 








OiOOllOO 


























-<t< 


















ococo-*-* 




? 




3 


OH i-( i-l 






■* 


*"* 




Xj 

a 










3 












CO-#CDt-t— tc-lCN 






THiOcNCM 






























■* 
















» 




















a 










3 








NNCOWMNrHH 




•* CO CO CNN 


>> 
o 

e 


<3 




•* 




>> 
o 
j= 

CO 


03 
02 


^ 










,-HtHH 








CO 




iHtH 
































A 






CO 












XI 












* 


















ft 






















,_, 






































































CO 




































,_, 








i-H 




_< 








































CO 














CO 
















,_, 










































































CO 










































s 
























CO 






















,_, 






























3 






















to 

CO 




















,_, 






































































CO 




































© • 




§>£ 


i^cn mom 












noiNO« 






ff* 


00»-tCO00O3!>^00 




S3 


CN t-COOCO 








cocococococo^co 




a -a 


•*a5 ** m m m 
















<J CO 






*lj CO 






• 


OOi-HOOmO}00»Ot~ 




■*-*cNmi-i 

■*CNeO<NCO 






"3 <3 


tDmaia0t~-COmcO 




"3 S 






*-9 






5X1 


-™ 






o a 






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^3 












d 






d 














CD 






ts 














-«1 




<MC0'*lO{Dt-»00a> 




«! 


©>-HINCOM< 

OOOOOOOO 00 








t~-t— r-r-t-r-t— r~ 






















































dddddddd 
s33flfls3d 






gggaj 








flji,d,dxlxlxlx1 






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dddddddd 






d d d d d 








oooooooo 














aaaaaaaa 






aaaaa 








rtNM^iO(Ot»« 






aoHNco 












«- 


- 1- 


-f 


-t- 


-r 


-i- 


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-t 










r 


-0 











03-5 

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03 X! 



92 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF. CHILDREN. 



1 











































-f •« 








co 
































































CO 












m 
























> i-H CO CO CO 


1-1 






























CO 








« 
























■^ •>* co r~ cn t>- m 






























CO 






















^ 




COeNi-HCNt^cOOl** 


























































CO 




cn 

CO 














** 


CN 

CO 


"Ortrjioc0't"0>0 
.-H CN ,-( C5 CN CN CO CO 














*IOO 




NNQtOONMO 
CNi-HCNCOCOOOCOh-. 


















































r-liH 


o 












3S8 


o 


OS-cXCO-cfuOCNOOCO 
CO'*>OCNCO^OO> 






CO 




















-H^CNCOCO 










rHO5"5 00O> 




OOOCO^OOCNcOCO 




















o> 






















CN CO ■* ■* ■"*■ CO 








NNOOO»iO 
























OOT^OOCOCOOOcOOl 

rtcofoionciH 




- 












-.. 




r^ 




■H 


■<»< CO 00 ■* I— 
CN CO 00 CO 


r- 


^COOOOiCOOt'-UO 




3 
















lO CO "0 -^ CO r^ 




a 












■d 






















a 








"OOOOCCCO-f 

N001*M 

r-HCN^O 




1 








© 


& 










& 


LQCOOOO^H-^CNCN 
























3 








3 




















■*t*i-iir3t~-*j<uoi/OtfO 












03 


n 


.-I ■>»? CO "3 -* 


i 

CD 


o! 

02 


CN 


CO^H 




r~oooooooo©co»o 










% 




cn' 


■-i -ex co "3 cn ^h 


3 




SI 


t^CO^H i-H 






► 








£ 














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CN 












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l-ICO-H 






CN 




















CN 


HCCMM 










3 




OJ 


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£ 


COa<NKlOrHOA 


m£ 


COCOCN-HCO^CNI^. 






•3 




23 

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lCO^C3lCOt^rHTj< 




3 

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03 


CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN 




cot^r^r^odooqsoi 

CNCNCNCNCNCNCNCN 




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COt^O~HUO»-«^HCO 
iOOO{DCOma>Ort 

■** co co oo t^ r~ oo 




QCOCO^J*COh»CO"0 

OM>Hiooaoo 

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•a 


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c 














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d 






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1 mont 
h, und« 
tis, unc 

hs, unc 
lis, unc 
tis, unc 
is, unc 




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a 





GENERAL TABLES. 



93 



















iH 


tH 


i-H 
























rH 








$ 


















3 








































r4r4 


T-HrH 






OS 
CO 


















g 






















,_, 








^ 


CN 




































eo 
































rt^^H 




rHCO-* 






CO 








3 












cn co oo r~ os os th 

i-H i-H CN i-H CN 




"(IHHIOHMOH 






















CO 




























CO00>OCO.-Ht1I00i-H 






















CO 














i-ICOtJ<-*W«CSCO 


b- 


COOJlOOOOi^-cHW 
i-Hi-Hi-Hi-HeO»Ot^05 






CO 


' H * H 












OOlOOhNHM 
CNCOt~*-lTt<00cgcO 




CDCOt~(NCOTXOOO> 
«-*iO00OM06h 


















































lOt^OTKcNt-COCN 




5 

s> 

H 
















eo 


i-( tH CN CN CO CO CO 












ooco^ocncocnio 




COCNOOt-^H^HOTtl 


















03 


CO 


CNeOCOCOCOCNCNCN 




3 

■a 






3 


m 
























Cp-HCOCOOCN^OS 
OOOssOOscOOOO 
■* ■* CN CN i-H rH ^H 




# d 


co 


CO^HCNOOOSI^COt-h 
tN^^H^HiOCoSJ-^ 












CO 


COCOCOCOCNCNT-tr-l 


















a 










* 














* 




8 


OMN^inONCO 


to 


03 


CN 


HM^oDtOOt^lO 






CNCNi-Hi-H 


■a 

CD 


02 








COCNlOOS^iJtcOt- 




OOiOcOCNCO'^t^CO 








2 






























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S3 


>0 CO <N CN OS CN t- 

COCNi-H 




o 
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OSQ-*WCOCOCNt~. 












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8 












tt 
















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cn 














































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CM 






































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ca 


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> 


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CN CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 




























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3 
























sosoosoocococnco 




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CN CN -H CN CN --I -H i-H 






CO 




















































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3 


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cocococOcOcOcOcO 












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CO 












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3 












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5 months, under 16 
3 months, under 17 
7 months, under 18 
1 months, under 19 
} months, under 20 

months, under 21 

1 months, under 22 

2 months, under 23 


<B 
60 
<1 




3 months, under 24 

4 months, under 25 

5 months, under 26 
3 months, under 27 

7 months, under 28 

8 months, under 29 

9 months, under 30 
months, under 31 
























1 



























94 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



=9 















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«iH 
















• -< • 














s 






















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ice pag 


e96.) 


No 


4. 











GENERAL. TABLES. 97 

Table 9. — Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white children, Iowa. 





"White hoys. 


White girls. 


Age. 


Number. 1 


Average 
stature 
(inches). 


Average 

weight 

(pounds). 


Number. 2 


Average 
stature 
(inches). 


Average 

weight 

(pounds). 




153 
307 
341 
408 
364 
393 
399 
413 
368 
370 
394 
376 
396 
285 
306 
301 
310 
307 
307 
292 
284 
278 
293 
327 
316 
302 
305 
287 
312 
339 
305 
273 
270 
321 
300 
307 
301 
293 
283 
296 
292 
304 
285 
284 
285 
295 
285 
324 
266 
248 
229 
238 
267 
252 
248 
247 
232 
246 
253 
248 
100 
79 
61 
57 
60 
76 
46 
46 
40 
37 
29 
29 


21.08 
22.80 
23.82 
24.73 
25.50 
26.21 
26.92 
27.26 
27.80 
28.32 
28.58 
29.06 
29.41 
29.91 
30.14 
30.59 
31.14 
31.26 
31.64 
32.30 
32.63 
32.96 
33.28 
33.41 
33.80 
34.12 
34.25 
34.55 
34. 74 
34.88 
35.18 
35.90 
35.96 
36.16 
36.40 
36.52 
36.90 
37.05 
37.34 
37.59 
37.71 
37.92 
38.43 
38.-57 
38.91 
39.09 
39.09 
39.43 
39.34 
39.67 
40.02 
40.04 
40.19 
40.45 
40.61 
40.95 
41.34 
41.45 
41.54 
41.65 
41.87 
41.99 
42.41 
42.11 
42.22 
42.84 
43.13 
43.24 
43.45 
43.89 
44.14 
44.10 


9.09 
11.35 
13.06 
14.31 
15.64 
16.54 
17.69 
18.44 
19.13 
19.73 
20.09 
20.72 
21.03 
21.60 
22.06 
22.24 
22.98 
23.39 
23.71 
24.51 
24.81 
25.40 
25.84 
25.83 
26.27 
26.97 
27.06 
27.21 
27.69 
28.12 
28.38 
29.24 
29.72 
29.64 
30.13 
30.22 
30.82 
30.78 
31.29 
31.58 
31.79 
32.22 
32.94 
33.09 
33.15 
34.04 
33.84 
34.21 
34.96 
34.38 
34.87 
35.14 
35.49 
35.87 
35.75 
36.03 
36.88 
37.14 
37.36 
37.34 
37.90 
38.07 
38.60 
38.06 
38.59 
39.11 
40.17 
40.41 
40.94 
41.55 
41.07 
40.95 


119 
278 
345 
392 
*■ 380 
355 
363 
351 
378 
321 
393 
369 
348 
300 
281 
308 
286 
302 
297 
298 
280 
261 
279 
264 
306 
281 
315 
310 
295 
310 
315 
291 
267 
321 
276 
293 
305 
274 
264 
280 
308 
297 
300 
262 
282 
277 
292 
307 
265 
273 
262 
258 
263 
277 
244 
196 
229 
202 
232 
248 
98 
56 
64 
70 
64 
62 
50 
47 
42 
36 
33 
41 


21.04 
22.13 
23.18 
24.11 
24.94 
25.35 
26.42 
27.00 
27.30 
27.65 
28.11 
28.36 
28.80 
29.20 
29.61 
30.01 
30.40 
30.74 
31.21 
31.81 
32.00 
32.45 
32.63 
32.86 
33.05 
33. 34 
33.82 
34.04 
34.19 
34.59 
34.89 
35.32 
35.48 
35.63 
35.93 
36.02 
36.36 
36.58 
36.99 
37.10 
37.23 
37.53 
37.86 
37.96 
38.30 
38.49 
38.71 
38.75 
39.33 
39.32 
39.55 
39.74 
39.79 
40.04 
40.20 
40.53 
40.86 
41.04 
41.39 
41.39 
41.45 
41.71 
41.53 
41.89 
42.19 
42.27 
42.12 
42.64 
42.81 
43.64 
43.42 
43.20 


8 89 




10 20 




11 88 




13.32 




14 50 




15.42 




16.63 




17.57 




18 06 




18 38 




18.97 




19.33 




20.21 




20.19 




20.55 




21.04 




21.34 




21 89 




22 48 




23 27 


20 months^ under 21 


23.38 


21 months, under 22 


23.81 




24 37 




24 55 




25 16 


25 months^ under 26 


25.21 


26 months , under 27 


25.83 




26.22 


28 months, under 29 


26.39 


29 months, under 30 


26.92 




27.35 




27.76 




27.92 




28.14 




28 65 




28 80 


3fi mnnths, under 37. 


29.40 




29 66 




30.18 




29.92 




30.31 




31.00 




31.20 




31.40 




31.53 




32.02 




32.48 




32.24 




33.07 




33.27 




33 62 




33.71 




33 92 




34 01 




34.34 




34 76 




35 38 




35 30 




36 32 




36 08 




36 47 




37 35 




36.70 




36.61 




37 65 




37.63 




38.54 




38.67 




40.04 




40.28 




39.48 




40.00 







1 40 boys (6 years, under 7) omitted. 
49079°— 21 7 



2 35 girls (6 years, under 7) omitted. 



98 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



Table 10. — Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white children; 

California. 



Age. 



Under 1 month 

1 month, under 2 

2 months, under 3. . . 

3 months, under 4. . . 

4 months, under 5. . . 

5 months, under 6. . . 

6 months, under 7. . . 

7 months, under 8 . . . 

8 months, under 9. . . 

9 months, under 10. . 

10 months, under 11. 

11 months, under 12. 

12 months, under 13. 

13 months, under 14. 

14 months, under 15. 

15 months, under 16. 

16 months, under 17. 

17 months, under 18. 

18 months, under 19. 

19 months, under 20. 

20 months, under 21. 

21 months, under 22. 

22 months, under 23. 

23 months, under 24. 

24 months, under 25. 

25 months, under 26 

26 months, under 27. 

27 months, under 28. 

28 months, under 29. 

29 months, under 30. 

30 months, under 31. 

31 months, under 32. 

32 months, under 33. 

33 months, under 34. 

34 months, under 35. 

35 months, under 36. 

36 months, under 37. 

37 months, under 38. 

38 mon ths, under 39. 

39 months, under 40. 

40 months, under 41. 

41 months, under 42. 

42 months, under 43. 

43 months, under 44. 

44 months, under 45. 

45 months, under 46. 

46 months, under 47. 

47 months, under 48. 

48 months, under 49. 

49 months, under 50. 

50 months, under 51. 

51 months, under 52. 

52 months, under 53. 

53 months, under 54. 

54 months, under 55. 

55 months, under 56. 

56 months, under 57. 

57 months, under 58. 

58 months, under 59. 

59 months, under 60. 

60 months, under 61. 

61 months, under 62. 

62 months, under 63. 

63 months, under 64. 

64 months, under 65. 

65 months, under 66. 

66 months, under 67. 

67 months, under 68. 

68 months, under 69. 

69 months, under 70. 

70 months, under 71. 

71 months, under 72. 



White boys. 



Number.' 



52 
120 
182 
169 
187 
2O0 
206 
201 
199 
196 
179 
203 
198 
159 
136 
129 
122 
150 
147 
139 
120 
125 
182 
118 
142 
136 
134 
138 
161 
135 
133 
125 
145 
145 
138 
142 
120 
139 
124 
137 
132 
138 
106 
139 
126 
137 
139 
133 
133 
108 
133 
117 
129 
146 
101 
127 
103 
122 
127 
126 
99 
123 
97 
85 
96 
102 
75 
75 
86 
78 



Average 
stature 
(inches). 



21.50 
22.50 
23.57 
24.81 
25.58 
26.39 
26.80 
27. 63 
27.83 
28.37 
28.71 
29.18 
29. 48 
30.09 
30.26 
30.69 
31.06 
31.73 
31.93 
32.20 
32.73 
32.97 
33.42 
33.48 
34.04 
34.28 
34.41 
34.70 
34.91 
35.27 
36.02 
36.14 
36.01 
36.30 
36.57 
36.88 
37.08 
37.25 
37.50 
37.72 
37.84 
38.14 
38.40 
38.88 
38.87 
39.18 
39.42 
39.57 
39.55 
40.07 
40.02 
40.09 
40.50 
40.61 
40.83 
41.31 
41.24 
41.82 
41.69 
42.04 
42.18 
42.46 
42.77 
42.80 
42.86 
43.24 
43.63 
43.85 
43.58 
43.60 
44.09 
44.22 



Average 

weight 

(pounds) 



9.76 
11.01 
12.66 
14.53 
15.52 
17.27 
17.67 
IS. 88 
19.64 
19.89 
20.73 
21.15 
21.66 
22.42 
23.11 
23.66 
23. 41 
24.73 
24.86 
25. 75 
25.68 
26.27 
26.79 
27 08 
27.90 
28.09 
28.40 
28.86 
28.52 
29.24 
30.35 
30.40 
29.99 
30.68 
30.95 
31.43 
31.58 
32.07 
32.56 
33.00 
32.69 
33.81 
33. 75 
34.50 
34.54 
34.54 
35.31 
34.95 
35.58 
36.28 
35.70 
35.61 
36.75 
36.52 
36.58 
37.94 
37.27 
38. 00 
38.94 
38. 92 
39.49 
39.70 
40.22 
39.92 
40.43 
41.02 
41.34 
42.22 
41.90 
41. 65 
42.66 
42.19 



White girls. 



Number.* 



44 
118 
154 
169 
166 
174 
202 
193 
180 
180 
173 
162 
177 
143 
173 
142 
140 
119 
132 
151 
116 
126 
136 
127 
151 
147 
128 
126 
136 
134 
119 
136 
125 
115 
137 
143 
131 
109 
134 
125 
115 
137 
118 
147 
139 
146 
132 
120 
157 
126 
120 
120 
117 
118 
124 
131 
112 
115 
112 
107 
134 
112 
109 

97 
104 

86 
100 

80 
100 

91 



Average 
stature 
(inches). 



21.09 
21.86 
23.03 
24.15 
24.84 
25.52 
26.30 
26.67 
27.18 
28.16 
28.27 
28.78 
28.96 
29.29 
29.84 
30. 19 
30.30 
30.92 
31.39 
31.96 
32.25 
32.20 
32.83 
32.97 
32.28 
33.52 
33.68 
34.13 
34.09 
34.62 
35.30 
35.57 
35. 57 
36.17 
36.31 
36.36 
36.79 
36.72 
37.18 
37.41 
37.63 
37.76 
38.26 
38.54 
38.77 
38.70 
39.16 
38.73 
39.34 
39.70 
39.67 
39.58 
40.12 
40.36 
40.56 
40.90 
41.05 
40.83 
41.38 
41.42 
41.86 
42.40 
42.40 
42.39 
42.59 
42.58 
42.72 
42.75 
42.71 
43.36 
44.04 
43.88 



1 118 boys (6 years, under 7), omitted. 



• 126 girls (6 years, under 7), omitted. 



GENERAL, TABLES. 



99 



Table 11. 



-Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white children; 
New York City. 



Age. 



White boys. 



Number.' 



Average 
stature 
(inches). 



weight 
(pounds), 



Number. 2 



White girls. 



Average 
stature 
(inches). 



Average 

weight 

(pounds). 



Under 1 month 

1 month, under 2 — 

2 months, under 3... 

3 months, under 4. . . 

4 months, under 5. . . 

5 months, under 6. . . 

6 months, under 7. . . 

7 months, under 8. . . 

8 months, under 9. . . 

9 months, under 10. . 

10 months, under 11. 

11 months, under 12. 

12 months, under 13 . 

13 months, under 14. 

14 months, under 15. 

15 months, under 16. 

16 months, under 17. 

17 months, under 18. 

18 months, under 19. 

19 months, under 20. 

20 months, under 21 . 

21 months, under 22. 

22 months, under 23. 

23 months, under 24. 

24 months, under 25. 

25 months, under 26. 

26 months, under 27. 

27 months, under 28. 

28 months, under 29. 

29 months, under 30. 

30 months, under 31. 

31 months, under 32. 

32 months, under 33. 

33 months, under 34. 

34 months, under 35. 

35 months, under 38. 

36 months, under 37. 

37 months, under 38. 

38 months, under 39. 

39 months, under 40. 

40 months, under 41 . 

41 months, under 42. 

42 months, under 43. 

43 months, under 44. 

44 months, under 45. 

45 months, under 46. 

46 months, under 47. 

47 months, under 48. 

48 months, under 49. 

49 months, under 50. 

50 months, under 51. 

51 months, under 52. 

52 months, under 53 

53 months, under 54 

54 months, under 55 

55 months, under 56 

56 months, under 57 

57 months, under 58 

58 months, under 59 

59 months, under 60 

60 months, under 61. 

61 months, under 62 

62 months, under 63 

63 months, under 64 

64 months, under 65 

65 months, under 66 

66 months, under 67 

67 months, under 68 

68 months, under 69 

69 months, under 70 

70 months, under 71 

71 months, under 72. 



318 
780 
728 
715 
655 
657 
604 
508 
488 
442 
430 
401 
396 
352 
315 
278 
297 
281 
267 
224 
238 
211 
216 
237 
243 
170 
177 
190 
205 
176 
203 
174 
178 
181 
185 
199 
212 
170 
183 
197 
177 
177 
210 
184 
173 
176 
191 
190 
232 
169 
180 
158 
197 
169 
183 
154 
151 
137 
171 
135 
132 
112 
106 
102 
87 
81 
92 
84 
76 
72 
68 
49 



21.14 
21.97 
23.09 
24.03 
24.10 
25.68 
26.23 
26.84 
27.45 
27.78 
28.13 
28.35 
28.74 
29.28 
29.59 
30.10 
30.40 
30.51 
31.09 
31.63 
31.84 
31.94 
32.62 
32.60 
33.10 
33.22 
33.70 
34.14 
34.19 
34.34 
34.53 
34.78 
35.^1 
35.68 
35.79 
35.91 
36.09 
36.45 
36.74 
37.01 
37.16 
36.90 
37.68 
38.08 
37.82 
38.30 
38.09 
38.54 
38.88 
39.02 
39.24 
39.56 
39.64 
39.77 
39.72 
40.29 
40.59 
40.69 
40.95 
40.79 
41.20 
41.00 
41.67 
41.70 
41.40 
42.21 
41.62 
42.20 
42.72 
42.54 
43.28 
43.45 



10.08 
11.86 
13.26 
14.63 
15.92 
16.78 
17.81 
18.73 
19.10 
19.62 
20.26 
20.59 
21.35 
21.87 
22.65 
22.89 
23.17 
23.91 
24.34 
24.51 
25.19 
25.91 
26.01 
26.70 
26.97 
27.05 
28.09 
28.56 
28.14 
28.63 
28.82 
29.76 
30.19 
30.04 
30.62 
30.60 
30.92 
31.28 
32.25 
31.89 
31.89 
32. 75 
33.36 
33.60 
34.01 
33.63 
33.94 
34.45 
35.25 
35.19 
35.81 
35.79 
35.66 
35.89 
36.87 
37.50 
37.19 
38.08 
37.69 
38.39 
37.82 
38.46 
38.63 
38.73 
39.46 
38.82 
39.68 
40.93 
39.99 
41.60 
41.15 



313 

763 
647 
619 
674 
644 
549 
485 
461 
439 
431 
381 
381 
375 
319 
292 
283 
230 
266 
247 
206 
220 
223 
251 
263 
165 
189 
205 
210 
209 
212 
201 
176 
176 
227 
214 
207 
179 
184 
234 
182 
183 
191 
186 
186 
199 
169 
205 
224 
185 
170 
171 
172 
185 
194 
187 
159 
179 
176 
186 
168 
108 
112 
116 
103 
112 
103 
78 
70 
75 
71 
64 



20.91 
21.56 
22.60 
23.63 
24.46 
24.93 
25.55 
26.35 
26.78 
27.06 
27.39 
27.93 
28.25 
28.73 
29.18 
29.49 
29.73 
30.33 
30.64 
30.99 
31.32 
31.84 
31.95 
32.17 
32.62 
32.85 
33.11 
33.37 
33.59 
33.70 
34.03 
34.66 
34.93 
35.18 
35.40 
35.63 
35.69 
36.25 
36.16 
36.40 
35. 56 
36.66 
37.08 
37.50 
37.77 
38.03 
38.04 
38.21 
38.25 
38.58 
39.08 
39.06 
39.28 
39. 52 
39.40 
39.46 
39.84 
40.33 
40.60 
40.75 
40.86 
40.55 
41.06 
41.13 
41.43 
41.55 
42.00 
42.09 
42.37 
42.55 
42.44 
43.14 



9.44 
10.99 
12.41 
13.81 
14.59 
15.67 
16.84 
17.40 
17.93 
18.46 
19.14 
19.56 
20.02 
20.76 
21.24 
21.45 
22.13 
22.73 
23.22 
23.50 
24.13 
24.36 
24.66 
25.28 
25.30 
25.75 
26.43 
26.48 
26.65 
26.84 
28.13 
28.75 
28.63 
28.96 
29.49 
29.31 
30.23 
30.10 
30.44 
30.77 
30.81 
31.48 
32.16 
32.04 
33.07 
32.50 
33.29 
32.88 
33.08 
34.04 
34.17 
34.26 
34.64 
34.54 
34.69 
35.12 
36.44 
36.65 
36.22 
36.36 
36.24 
37.18 
36.85 
36.56 
37.51 
38.24 
39.69 
39.06 
39.26 
40.28 
40.61 



1 170 boys (6 years, under 7) omitted. 



2 174 girls (6 years, under 7) omitted. 



100 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



Table 12. — Country of birth of parents, by section; white children included in height and 

weight tabulation. 





Southern. 


New England and Middle 
Atlantic. 


East North-Central. 




Total. 


Bf L 

S* 

O 3 

A a 

a 

+3 CO 

§1 

(2 


H 

3 O 

°2 

mi 

as* 

Oh 


Total. 


o 3 

A o 
in u 

■w CD 

c a 

Ph 


3 a 
eg 
o£ 
Q 3 

CO ® 

S 0) to 

g«.2 

a =3 is 

Ph 


Total. 


^0 



■w CD 

ga 

s_ 03 
03 CO 

Ph 


21 


Country of birth 
of mother. 


a> 
A 

B 

3 


id 

t3 o 
If 

Ph 


s 
A 

2 


•do 

flfl 
a> o 
o:tn 

Ph 


u 

CD 

A 

a 

3 


■A O 

t- "-. 
Ph 


CO CD 

£3 © 58 

§g.2 

a*s*» 

0h 


All countries 


19,044 

8,477 

74 

22 

4 

11 

7 


100.0 


8,624 


372 


2 23,729 


100.0 


19,094 


4,321 


3 54,779 


100.0 


49, 173 


5,234 


United States 

Italy 


93.7 
.8 
.2 


8,264 

72 

8 


213 
2 
14 


11,536 

3,501 

313 


48.6 

14.8 

1.3 


9,560 

3,435 

194 


1,976 
66 
119 


42,001 

1,265 

684 


76.7 
2.3 
1.2 


38,992 

1,232 

427 


3,009 
33 


Scandinavia 


257 


Denmark 

Sweden 

Norway 


.1 


1 

5 
2 


3 

6 
5 


36 
240 
37 


.2 

1.0 

.2 


22 

160 

12 


14 
80 
25 


74 
414 
196 


.1 

.8 
.4 


36 
298 
93 


38 
116 
103 




57 
3 

93 
34 


.6 

1.0 
.4 


35 

1 

84 

23 


22 
2 
9 

11 


255 

9 

1,349 

1,153 


1.1 

5.7 
4.9 


123 

4 

1,254 

955 


132 
5 
95 

198 


1,186 

89 

1,852 

4,384 


2.2 

.2 

3.4 

8.0 


563 

55 

1,731 

4,071 


623 




34 




121 


Austria-Hungary . 


313 


Austria 

Bohemia 

Hungary 


19 
1 
9 


.2 


10 
1 
9 


9 


991 

7 

94 


4.2 
.4 


809 
4 

87 


182 
3 
7 


2,427 

227 

820 

36 

5 

869 


4.4 
.4 
1.5 

i.6 


2,239 
194 
787 
36 
5 
810 


188 
33 
33 






















Not specified. . 


5 




3 


2 


61 


.2 


55 


6 


59 




51 

8 

1 

30 

23 

9 

114 


.6 


23 


28 
8 

15 

20 

2 

26 


687 

305 
3 

995 
1,844 
1,041 

724 


2.9 
1.3 


382 
170 


305 
135 
3 
362 
776 
37 
112 


328 
150 
12 
238 
317 
1,361 
540 


.6 
.3 


180 
89 


148 




61 




.3 
.3 

1.3 


1 

15 

3 

7 
88 


12 




4.2 
7.8 
4.4 
3.1 


633 

1,068 

704 

612 


.4 

.6 

2.5 

1.0 


147 

93 

1,188 

405 


91 


British possessions 
Poland 


224 
173 


Allother 1 


135 




1 


1 






Iowa. 


Western. 


California. 




Total. 


g 3 

A o 

m ° 

-w CD 

c3 to 
Ph 


-9 El 

a o 

°2 

■°rt 

en ° 
™ © m 

Sw.S 
til 


Total. 


•a>, 

*-* 3 

A § 

ga 

k. S3 
03 "= 

Ph 


§1 

03^-^ 
Ph 


Total. 


•9* 

el 

A$ 
CO ° 
-u CD 

a co 

Ph 


ul 


Country of birth 
of mother. 


u 
3 
A 

a 

3 


nS o 

2.1 

t- <- 
CD-M 

Ph 


CD 

A 


■B. o 

•V O 

t. >- 

Ph 


u 

CO 

A 


■do 

CD £ 

US 
k. ■- 

CD -k> 

Ph 


Aa 
»2 . 

gwJ 

l*'A ** 

03 '^■* J 
Ph 


All countries 


« 37. 033 


100.0 


33,111 


3,797 


5 23,170 


100.0 


19, 367 


3,625 


619,269 


100.0 


16, 026 


2,999 


United States 

Italy 


32, 828 

296 

1,047 


88.6 
.8 
2.8 


30, 458 
288 
699 


2,370 

8 

348 


18, 653 

131 

1,319 


80.5 
.6 
5.7 


16, 512 
126 

783 


2,141 

5 

536 


13, 717 

1,550 

379 


71.2 
8.0 
2.0 


12,053 

1,465 

243 


1,664 
85 


Scandinavia 


136 


Denmark 

Sweden 

Norway 


321 
363 
363 


.9 
1.0 
1.0 


244 
238 

217 


77 
125 
146 


138 
441 
740 


.6 
1.9 
3.2 


84 
268 
431 


54 
173 
309 


124 
188 
67 


.6 
1.0 
.3 


84 
126 
33 


40 
62 
34 




975 
394 
302 
401 
194 
158 
16 
10 


2.6 
1.1 
.8 
1.0 


454 
274 
281 
314 


521 
120 
21 

87 


596 

29 

961 

436 


2.6 

.1 

4.1 

1.9 


305 

16 

867 

348 


291 
13 
94 

88 


301 

26 

331 

335 


1.6 
.1 
1.7 

1.7 


145 

16 

284 

264 


156 




10 




47 


Austria-Hungary. . 


71 


Austria 

Bohemia 

Hungary 

Croatia 


.5 
.4 


157 

120 

10 

10 


37 
38 
6 


308 

76 

35 

2 


1.3 
.3 
.2 


262 
52 
26 
2 


46 
24 
9 


272 
18 
38 


1.4 
.2 


224 
11 
23 


48 
7 
15 












Not specified. 


23 


.1 


17 


6 


15 




6 


9 


7 




6 


1 




190 
68 
11 
76 
77 
28 

215 


.5 
.2 

.2 
.2 
.1 
.6 


92 
44 
5 
32 
10 
21 
139 


98 
24 
6 

44 

67 

7 

76 


174 

72 

7 

65 

278 
61 

210 


.8 
.3 

.3 
1.2 
.3 
.9 


65 

28 

4 

30 

85 
47 
151 


109 
44 
3 
35 

193 
14 
59 


325 
111 

10 
298 
274 

31 
1,337 


1.7 
.5 

1.5 

1.4 

.2 

6.9 


171 
58 
6 
173 
68 
23 
1,057 


154 




53 


Wales 


4 




125 


British possessions 


206 
8 


Allother' 


280 







1 Includes 48 children the nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported. 
» Includes 314 children the nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported. 

* Includes 372 children the nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported. 

* Includes 125 children the nativitv of one or both of whose parents was not reported. 
6 Includes 178 children the nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported. 
« Includes 244 children the nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported. 

» Includos West Indies, Cuba, Central and South America, Luxemburg, Belgium, France, Spain , 
Portugal, Rumania, Greece, Serbia, Armenia, Syria, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Turkey, Mexico, Atlantic 
and Pacific islands, Africa, Asia not specified, China, Japan, and India. 



GENERAL TABLES. 



101 



Table 13. — Country of birth of 'parents; white children included in height and weight table, 

New York City. 





Total. 


Parents 

born in 

same 

country. 


Parents 


Country of birth of mother. 


Number. 


Per cent 
distribu- 
tion. 


born in 
different 
countries. 




1 35, 819 


100.0 


29, 112 


6,443 






United States 


10,676 

7,429 

400 


29.8 

20.7 

1.1 


8,137 

7,228 

268 


2,539 


Italy 


201 




132 






T)p.riTnn,rlr 


31 
167 
202 




16 
104 
148 


15 


Sweden 


.5 
.6 


63 




54 








696 

20 

6,342 

4,731 


1.9 


424 

16 

5,728 

3,538 


272 


Holland 


4 




17.7 
13.2 


614 




1,193 






Austria 


3,041 
517 
999 
174 


8.5 

1.4 

2.8 

.5 


2,131 
444 
832 
131 


910 




73 




167 


Not specified 


43 






England 


478 

161 

3 

2,693 

98 

618 

2 1,200 


1.3 

.4 


179 
76 


299 


Scotland 


85 




3 




7.5 

.3 

1.7 

3.4 


2,068 
25 
565 
860 


625 


British possessions 


73 


Poland 


63 


All other a 


340 







1 Includes 264 children the nativity of one or both of whose parents was not reported. 

* Includes Central America, Belgium, Switzerland, France, Spain, Rumania, Greece, Portugal, Serbia, 
Armenia, Syria, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Turkey, Mexico, Atlantic islands, Pacific islands, Africa, Japan, 
Asia, and China. 

Table 14. — Comparative standard deviations in stature; white boys 3 years but less than 
4 years of age, in Iowa and in all States. 





Age. 


Standard 

deviation, 

boys' stature 

(inches). 




All 
States. 


Iowa. 


36 months, under 37 


1.74 


1.57 


37 months, under 38 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


68 
71 

74 
70 
74 

88 
90 

82 
92 

86 

S5 


1.58 




1.57 


39 months, under 40 


1.60 


40 months, under 41 


1.59 


41 months, under 42 


1.61 


42 months, under 43 


1.69 


43 months, under 44 


1.88 




1.81 




1.83 




1.74 




1.74 











102 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



Table 15. — Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white children of 

mothers born in Italy. 



Age. 



White boys. 



Number 
0). 



Average 
stature 
(inches). 



Average 

weight 

(pounds). 



White girls. 



Number 



Average 
stature 
(inches). 



Average 

weight 

(pounds). 



Under 1 month 

1 month, under 2 . . . 

2 months, under 3. . , 

3 months, under 4. . . 

4 months, under 5. . 

5 months, under 6. . , 

6 months, under 7. . . 

7 months, under 8. . . 

8 months, under 9. . 

9 months, under 10. 

10 months, under 11 

11 months, under 12 

12 months, under 13 

13 months, under 14 

14 months, under 15 

15 months, under 16 

16 months, under 17 

17 months, under 18 

18 months, under 19 

19 months, under 20 

20 months, under 2] 

21 months, under 22 

22 months, under 23 

23 months, under 24 

24 months) under 27. 
27 months, under 30 
30 months, under 33 
33 months, under 36 
36 months, under 39 
39 months, under 42 
42 months, under 45 
45 months, under 48 
48 months, under 51 
51 months, under 54 
5-1 months, under 57 
57 months, under 60 
60 months, under 63 
63 months, imder 66 
66 months, under 69 
69 months, under 72 



113 
238 
247 
222 
212 
189 
205 
170 
171 
174 
171 
145 
131 
125 
107 
114 
102 

98 
119 

87 
112 
106 

94 
114 
268 
281 
251 
314 
275 
2.54 
259 
286 
258 
231 
197 
208 
147 
107 

87 

69 



21.00 
21.76 
22.99 
23.76 
24.61 
25.55 
25.71 
26.31 
27.04 
27.51 
27.83 
28.25 
28. 42 
28.94 
29.36 
29.74 
29.66 
30.40 
31.12 
31.00 
31.51 
31.68 
32.05 
32.17 
32.73 
33.71 
34.54 
35.25 
35.94 
36.70 
37.18 
37.80 
38.24 
38.83 
39.28 
39.95 
40.66 
40.96 
41.37 
42.42 



8.92 
10.10 
11.77 
13.27 
14.49 
15. 76 
16.48 
17.49 
18.17 
18.84 
19.26 
20.14 
20.15 
21.14 
21.84 
21.93 
22.04 
22.66 
24.16 
23.98 
23. 88 
24.42 
25.14 
25. 55 
25.75 
27.36 
28.34 
29.46 
30.36 
31.52 
32.07 
32.96 
34. 05 
34.48 
35. 37 
36.12 
37.05 
36.93 
38.77 
39.90 



98 
214 
208 
198 
226 
245 
181 
167 
151 
172 
173 
151 
132 
143 
113 
112 
101 
85 
106 
94 
87 
87 



273 
255 
267 
281 
255 
278 
246 
275 
272 
276 
235 
216 
153 
143 
108 

a5 



20.82 
21.51 
22.39 
23. 50 
24.21 
24.64 
25.45 
25. S7 
26.45 
26.80 
26.85 
27.78 
28.02 
28.55 
28. 73 
29.18 
29.31 
29.84 
30.29 
30.65 
30.99 
31.18 
31.65 
31.65 
32.14 
32.93 
34.16 
34.68 
35.54 
35.93 
36.95 
37.32 
37.90 
38.47 
38.71 
39.77 
40.03 
40.61 
41.11 
41.87 



8.77 
9.74 
10.99 
12.42 
13.78 
14.63 
15.83 
16.31 
17.12 
17.57 
17.84 
19.10 
19.20 
19.80 
20.03 
20.78 
20.75 
21.66 
22.06 
22.53 
22.71 
23.18 
23.95 
23.47 
24.46 
25.84 
27.37 
28.07 
29.38 
29.81 
31.22 
31.60 
32.08 
33.33 
33.47 
35.22 
35.61 
35.57 
37.56 
38.75 



i 52 boys, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 



2 77 girls, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 



Table 16. — Average statures and iveights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white children of 

mothers born in Germany. 





White boys. 


White girls. 


Age. 


Number 
O). 


Average 
stature 
(inches). 


Average 

weight 

(pounds). 


Number 
( 2 ). 


Average 
stature 
(inches). 


Average 

weight 

(pounds). 


Under 1 month 


20 
36 
36 
45 
24 
35 
39 
35 
32 
36 
34 
37 
47 
39 
27 
31 
31 
28 
32 
36 


20.85 
23.00 
23.39 
24.40 
25.46 
25.86 
27.00 
27.74 
27.97 
27.78 
28.03 
28.81 
29.26 
29.87 
30.11 
30. 6S 
31.32 
31.00 
31.94 
32.33 


8.80 
10.83 
12. 35 
13.42 
15.63 
16.11 
18.04 
19.20 
19.33 
19.00 
20.13 
20.32 
21.67 
22.15 
21.63 
22.97 
23.63 
23. 63 
24.05 
25.67 


7 
32 
31 
46 
32 
26 
34 
29 
30 
31 
49 
32 
31 
22 
27 
32 
29 
20 
31 
31 


21.50 
22.03 
23.06 
24.37 
24.69 
25.19 
26. 24 
27.00 
26.77 
27. 23 
28. 14 
28.09 
28.77 
29.09 
29.85 
30.22 
30.66. 
30.70 
30.97 
31.71 


8.64 




10.20 




11.55 




13.33 




13.75 




14.79 




16.51 


7 months, liniiAr 8 


18.69 




17.40 




17.93 




19.43 




19.36 




19.98 




20.95 




20.80 




21.48 


16 months, under 17 


21.69 


17 months, under 18 


22.45 




22.23 


19 months, under 20 


23.68 



1 25 boys, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 



2 29 girls, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 



GENERAL TABLES. 



103 



Table 16. — Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white children of 
mothers born in Germany — Concluded. 



White boys. 



Number 
C 1 )- 



stature 
(inches). 



Average 

weight 

(pounds). 



White girls. 



Number 
<■)■ 



Average 
stature 
(inches). 



Average 

weight 

(pounds) 



20 months, under 21. 

21 months, under 22. 

22 months, under 23. 

23 months, under 24. 

24 months, under 27. 
27 months, under 30. 
30 months, under 33. 
33 months, under 36. 
36 months, under 39. 
39 months, under 42. 
42 months, under 45. 
45 months, under 48. 
4S months, under 51. 
51 months, under 54. 
54 months, under 57. 
57 months, under 60. 
60 months, under 63. 
63 months, under 66. 
66 months, under 69. 
69 months, under 72 



15 
29 
21 
30 
90 
80 
85 
97 

107 
87 

100 
97 
95 

114 
90 
84 
45 
47 
41 
42 



33.00 
32. 48 
32.86 
33.30 
34.07 
35.03 
35.76 
36.24 
37.26 
37.71 
38.26 
39.16 
39.61 
40.19 
40.81 
41.26 
41.62 
42.70 
42.85 
43.90 



25. 77 
25.10 
26.05 
26.60 
27.24 
28. 70 
29.68 
30.48 
31.45 
32.11 
33.31 
34.68 
35.22 
35.89 
36.25 
38.00 
38.57 
39.79 
40.16 
42.35 



31. 97 
32.15 
33.24 
32.60 
33.62 
34.54 
35.11 
35.73 
36.47 
37.33 
38.09 
38.82 
39.19 
39.67 
40.99 
41. 30 
41.73 
42.16 
42.38 
43.68 



24.21 
23.81 
26.06 
24.80 
26.01 
27.20 
28.09 
28.83 
29.37 
31.32 
32. 11 
32.99 
33.19 
33.15 
36.89 
36.01 
36.85 
38.07 
39.15 
40.85 



1 25 boys, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 



2 29 girls, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 



Table 17.- 



-Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; white children of 
mothers born in Denmark, Sweden, or Norway. 



Age. 



White boys. 



Number 
( ] ). 


Average 
stature 


(inches). 


7 


21.71 


26 


22.35 


39 


24.10 


43 


25.70 


38 


25.47 


54 


26.52 


46 


26.80 


42 


28.87 


39 


28.23 


37 


28.16 


49 


28.80 


34 


29.00 


46 


29.46 


53 


30.47 


29 


30.34 


26 


30.62 


32 


31.13 


23 


31.35 


38 


32.47 


27 


33.15 


36 


32.72 


32 


33.22 


35 


33.71 


31 


33.81 


91 


34.24 


104 


34.86 


89 


35.70 


91 


36.73 


100 


37.48 


93 


37.82 


92 


38.89 


90 


39.48 


83 


39.72 


104 


40.67 


82 


41.04 


81 


41.67 


47 


42.11 


45 


43.11 


34 


43.56 


33 


43.82 



Average 

weight 

(pounds) 



White girls. 



Number 
( 2 ). 



Average 
stature 
(inches) . 



Average 

weight 

(pounds). 



Under 1 month 

1 month, under 2 

2 months, under 3. . . 

3 months, under 4. . . 

4 months, under 5. . . 

5 months, under 6. . . 

6 months, under 7. . . 

7 months, under 8. . . 

8 months, under 9. . . 

9 months, under 10. . 

10 months, under 11. 

11 months, under 12. 

12 months, under 13. 

13 months, under 14. 

14 months, under 15. 

15 months, under 16. 

16 months, under 17. 

17 months, under 18. 

18 months, under 19. 

19 months, under 20. 

20 months, under 21. 

21 months, under 22. 

22 months, under 23. 

23 months, under 24. 

24 months, under 27. 
27 months, under 30. 
30 months, under 33. 
33 months, under 36. 
36 months, under 39. 
39 months, under 42. 
42 months, under 45. 
45 months, under 48. 
48 months, under 51. 
51 months, under 54. 
54 months, under 57. 
57 months, under 60. 
60 months, under 63 
63 months, under 66 
66 months, under 69 
69 months, under 72 



10.00 
10.10 
13.50 
14.33 
15.53 
17.53 
18.29 
18.88 
20.36 
20.73 
20.69 
20.91 
21.72 
22.78 
22.55 
22.77 
23.67 
24.35 
25.97 
26.93 
25.14 
26.00 
27.40 
27.71 
27.21 
28.56 
29.22 
30.95 
32.27 
32.23 
33.54 
34.83 
34.89 
36.67 
36.99 
38.20 
38.98 
40.49 
41.44 
41.74 



11 
31 
36 
36 
41 
31 
42 
46 
36 
43 
36 
39 
36 
29 
28 
26 
33 
28 
31 
35 
24 
31 
19 
32 
89 
82 
90 

102 
98 

102 
97 
85 
82 
85 
78 
87 
44 
41 
32 
32 



22.00 
22.32 
23.22 
23.75 
24.41 
25.61 
26.07 
26.87 
27.56 
27.67 
27.92 
28.51 
28.83 
29.79 
29.86 
30.23 
30.88 
30.36 
31.61 
31.77 
32.63 
33.00 
32.95 
32.91 
33.48 
34.13 
35.50 
35.82 
36.97 
37.49 
38.20 
38.86 
39.43 
39.59 
40.69 
40.92 
42.45 
42.39 
42.75 
44.16 



9.64 
10.56 
12.25 
13.32 
14.45 
15.89 
16.62 
17.84 
18.47 
18.59 
19.28 
20.14 
20.54 
21.41 
21.61 
21.88 
22.12 
21.71 
23.27 
24.37 
24.58 
24.79 
25.13 
25.36 
26.23 
26.82 
28.47 
29.28 
30.61 
31.83 
32.29 
32.88 
33.98 
34.00 
36.06 
35.59 
37.98 
38.26 
38.78 
41.38 



1 13 boys, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 



2 24 girls, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 



104 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 

Table 18. — Average statures and weights, by sex, from birth to 6 years; Negro children. 



Age. 



Under 1 month 

1 month, under 2 

2 months, under 3 

3 months, under 4 

4 months, under 5 

5 months, under 6 

6 months, under 7 

7 months, under 8 

8 months, under 9 

9 months, under 10. . 

10 months, under 11. . 

11 months, under 12. 

12 months, under 13. 

13 months, under 14. . 

14 months, under 15. 

15 months, under 16. 

16 months, under 17. 

17 months, under 18. 

18 months, under 19. 

19 months, under 20. 

20 months, under 21. 

21 months, under 22. 

22 months, under 23. 

23 months, under 24. 

24 months, under 27. 
27 months, under 30. 
30 months, under 33. 
33 months, under 36. 
36 months, under 39. 
39 months, under 42. 
42 months, under 45. 
45 months, under 48. 
48 months, under 51. 
51 months, under 54. 
54 months, under 57. 
57 months, under 60. 
60 months, under 63. 
63 months, under 66. 
66 months, under 69. 
69 months, under 72. 



Negro boys. 



Number 



40 
92 
71 
SI 
76 
74 
5G 
54 
63 
47 
56 
43 
42 
38 
21 
32 
26 
35 
36 
44 
28 
32 
32 
38 
82 
91 
7(> 
68 
90 
87 
89 

104 
100 
79 
54 
82 
73 
57 
41 



stature 
(inches). 



20.73 
21.71 
22.87 
24.07 
24.75 
25.42 
25.91 
26.28 
26.35 
27.51 
27.66 
27.77 
28.48 
29.21 
29.05 
30.16 
29.77 
30.51 
31.00 
31.59 
31.18 
31.84 
32.16 
32.34 
33.18 
34.03 
35.24 
35.91 
36.58 
37.40 
37.70 
38.62 
39.52 
40.33 
40.78 
41.27 
41.88 
41.95 
42.98 
43.31 



Average 

weight 

(pounds) 



8.14 
9.99 
11.99 
13.33 
14.60 
15.81 
16.26 
17.18 
16.86 
18.38 
18.90 
18.74 
20.21 
19.91 
19.60 
21.59 
21.29 
22.57 
22.38 
23.36 
23.30 
23.98 
24.06 
25.20 
25.55 
27.30 
28.72 
29.82 
29.50 
31.30 
32.43 
33.61 
34.90 
35.77 
36.37 
37.46 
38.47 
38.97 
40.28 
40.82 



Negro girls. 



Number 

(*)■ 


Average 
stature 


(inches). 


48 


20.42 


82 


21.38 


71 


22.56 


78 


23.47 


92 


24.40 


84 


24.67 


65 


25.77 


49 


26.00 


65 


26.32 


70 


26.57 


44 


27.11 


53 


27.96 


44 


28.18 


■ 38 


28.16 


40 


29.00 


38 


29.97 


44 


29.30 


41 


29.88 


34 


30.53 


33 


31.21 


41 


30.71 


31 


31.32 


31 


31.68 


30 


32.30 


97 


32.62 


72 


33.88 


89 


34.82 


103 


35.41 


106 


35.91 


80 


36.95 


85 


37.65 


108 


38.84 


73 


39.47 


95 


40.03 


90 


40.31 


79 


41.24 


46 


40.96 


58 


42.17 


39 


43.08 


44 


43.89 



Average 

weight 

(pounds). 



8.02 
9.14 
11.04 
12.48 
13.97 
14.33 
15.90 
15.94 
16.67 
17.18 
17.39 
18.34 
18.60 
19.01 
20.25 
20.99 
19.84 
20.77 
21.35 
22.38 
21.71 
23.55 
23.94 
23.87 
24.38 
26.44 
27.73 
27.97 
28.48 
30.08 
31.08 
32.43 
33.63 
34.03 
34.52 
36.24 
35.21 
37.86 
39.23 
40.66 



1 47 boys, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 



2 40 girls, 6 years, under 7, omitted. 



GENERAL TABLES. 



105 



Table 19. Average statures and weights, by sex, from 1 to 71 months; smoothed figures, 

exact ages; white children. 1 





White boys. 


White girls. 


Exact age (months). 


Average 
stature 
(inches). 


Average 

weight 

(pounds). 


Average 
stature 
(inches). 


Average 

weight 

(pounds). 


1. 


21.85 
23.04 
24.08 
24.98 
25.75 
26.42 
27.00 
27.52 
27.99 
28.43 
28.85 
29.27 
29.67 
30.07 
30.45 
30.83 
31.20 
31.58 
31.94 
32.28 
32.60 
32.91 
33.20 
33.48 
33.76 
34.02 
34.29 
34.57 
34.85 
35.13 
35.41 
35.67 
35.91 
36.13 
36.35 
36.56 
36.78 
37.00 
37.22 
37.45 
37.69 
37.93 
38.17 
38.40 
38.62 
38.82 
39.00 
39.17 
39.34 
39.50 
39.68 
39.86 
40.07 
40.29 
40.51 
40.73 
40.93 
41.13 
41.31 
41.48 
41.66 
41.84 
42.02 
42.21 
42.41 
42.61 
42.81 
43.00 
43.21 
43.45 
43.73 


9.98 
11.79 
13.36 
14.74 
15.96 
17.00 
17.91 
18.69 
19.37 
19.98 
20.54 
"21.07 
21.57 
22.07 
22.55 
23.02 
23.49 
23.95 
24.40 
24.83 
25.25 
25.65 
26.03 
26.38 
26.77 
27.13 
27.49 
27.87 
28.26 
28.64 
29.02 
29.38 
29.72 
30.03 
30.33 
30.61 
30.89 
31.19 
31.50 
31.84 
32.18 
32.54 
32.88 
33.21 
33.51 
33.78 
34.03 
34.25 
34.48 
34.78 
34.94 
35.19 
35.48 
35.78 
36.10 
36.44 
36.77 
37.11 
37.44 
37.76 
38.06 
38.34 
38.61 
38.90 
39.20 
39.53 
39.86 
40.21 
40.56 
40.89 
41.23 


21.43 
22.56 
23.55 
24.43 
25.19 
25.85 
26.43 
26.95 
27.43 
27.88 
28.31 
28.71 
29.11 
29.50 
29.88 
30.27 
30.67 
31.05 
31.42 
31.77 
32.09 
32.39 
32.67 
32.95 
33.23 
33.51 
33.80 
34.09 
34.39 
34.68 
34. 96 
35.22 
35.46 
35.70 
35.92 
36.14 
36.37 
36.60 
36.84 
37.08 
37.33 
37.58 
37.81 
38.03 
38.23 
38.43 
38.61 
38.80 
38.98 
39.18 
39.37 
39.58 
39.80 
40.02 
40.25 
40.47 
40.68 
40.88 
41.07 
41.25 
41.43 
41.60 
41.78 
41.94 
42.11 
42.29 
42.48 
42.70 
42.92 
43.16 
43.40 


9.42 


2 


10.98 


3 .. 


12.38 


4 


13.66 


5 


14.80 


6 


15.80 


7 


16.69 


8 


17.46 




18.14 


10 


18.74 


11 


19.30 


12 


19.80 


13 


20.28 


14 


20.73 


15 


21.19 


16 


21.65 


17 


22.12 


18 


22.58 


19 


23.04 


20 


23.47 


21 


23.88 


22 


24.26 


23 


24.63 


24 


24.99 


25 


25.35 


26 


25.73 


27 


26.11 


28 -' 


26.51 


29 


26.89 


30 


27.29 


31 


27.67 


32 


28.03 


33 . 


28.37 


34 


28.71 


35 


29.04 


36 


29.36 


37 


29.67 


38 -. 


29.97 


39 


30.30 


40 


30.62 


41 


30.95 


42 


31.28 


43 


31.59 


44 


31.86 


45 


32.14 


46 


32,40 


47 


32.65 


48 


32.92 


49 


33.18 


50 


33.44 


51 


33.71 


52 


33.01 


53 


34.32 


54 . 


34.64 


55 


34.98 


56 


35.30 


57 


35.60 


58 


35.90 


59 


36.20 


60 


36.50 


61 


36.78 


62 


37.08 


63 


37.38 


64 


37.66 


65 


37.94 


66 


38.26 


67 


38.57 


68 


38.94 


69 


39.33 


70 


39.74 


71 


40.16 







» Calculated from averages of Table I, p. 17, with the use of third differences. 



106 STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 

Table 20. — Average statures and weights, by sex, from 1 to 71 months; smoothed figures, 
exact ages; white children. 





White boys. 


White girls. 


Exact age (months). 


Average 
stature 
(centi- 
meters). 


Average 
weight 
(kilo- 
grams). 


Average 
stature 
(centi- 
meters). 


Average 
weight 
(kilo- 
grams). 


1 


55.5 
58.5 
61.2 
63.4 
65.4 
67.1 
68.6 
69.9 
71.1 
72.2 
73.3 
74.3 
75.4 
76.4 
77.3 
78.3 
79.2 
80.2 
81.1 
82.0 
82.8 
83.6 
84.3 
85.0 
85.8 
86.4 
87.1 
87.8 
88.5 
89.2 
89.9 
90.6 
91.2 
91.8 
92.3 
92.9 
93.4 
94.0 
94.5 
95.1 
95.7 
96.3 
97.0 
97.5 
98.1 
98.6 
99.1 
99.5 
99.9 
100.3 
100.8 
101.2 
101.8 
102.3 
102.9 
103.5 
104.0 
104.5 
104.9 
105.4 
105.8 
106.3 
106.7 
107.2 
107.7 
108.2 
108.7 
109.2 
109.8 
110.4 
111.1 


4.53 

5.35 
6.06 
6.69 
7.24 
7.71 
8.12 
8.48 
8.79 
9.06 
9.32 
9.56 
9.78 
10.01 
10.23 
10.44 
10.65 
10.86 
11.07 
11.26 
11.45 
11.63 
11.81 
11.97 
12.14 
12.31 
12.47 
12.64 
12.82 
12.99 
13.16 
13.33 
13.48 
13.62 
13.76 
13.88 
14.01 
14.15 
14.29 
14.44 
14.60 
14.76 
14.91 
15.06 
15.20 
15.32 
15.44 
15.54 
15.64 
15.78 
15.85 
15.% 
16.09 
16.23 
16.37 
16.53 
16.68 
16.83 
16.98 
17.13 
17.26 
17.39 
17.51 
17.64 
17.78 
17.93 
18.08 
18.24 
18.40 
18.55 
18.70 


54.4 
57.3 
59.8 
62.1 
64.0 
65.7 
67.1 
68.5 
69.7 
70.8 
71.9 
72.9 
73.9 
74.9 
75.9 
76.9 
77.9 
78.9 
79.8 
80.7 
81.5 
82.3 
83.0 
83.7 
84.4 
85.1 
85.9 
86.6 
87.4 
88.1 
88.8 
89.5 
90.1 
90.7 
91.2 
91.8 
92.4 
93.0 
93.6 
94.2 
94.8 
95.5 
96.0 
96.6 
97.1 
97.6 
98.1 
98.6 
99.0 
99.5 
100.0 
100.5 
101.1 
101.7 
102.2 
102.8 
103.3 
103.8 
104.3 
104.8 
105.2 
105.7 
106.1 
106.5 
107.0 
107.4 
107.9 
108.5 
109.0 
109.6 
110.2 


4.27 


2 


4.98 


3 


5.62 


4 


6.20 


5 


6.71 


6... 


7.17 


7 


7.57 


8 


7.92 


9 


8.23 


10 


8.50 


11 ' 


8.75 


12 


8.98 


13 


9.20 


14 


9.40 


15 


9.61 


16 


9.82 


17 


10.03 


18 


10.24 


19 


10.45 


20 


10.65 


21 


10.83 


22 


11.00 


23 


11.17 


24 


11.34 


25 


11.50 


26 


11.67 


27 : 


11.84 


28 


12.02 


29 


12.20 


30 


12.38 


31 


12.55 


32 


12.71 


33 


12.87 


34 


13.02 


35 


13.17 


36 


13.32 


37 


13.46 


38 


13.59 


39 


13.74 


40 


13.89 


41 


14.04 


42 


14.19 


43 


14.33 


44 


14.45 


45 


14.58 


46 


14.70 


47 


14.81 


48 


14.93 


49 


15.05 


50 


15.17 


51 


15.29 


52 


14.97 


53 


15.57 


54 ; 


15.71 


55 


15.87 


56 


16.01 


57 


16.15 


58 


16.28 


59 


16.42 


60 


16.56 


61 


16.68 


62 


16.82 


63 


16.96 


64 


17.08 


65 


17.21 


66 


17.35 


67 


17.49 


68 


17.66 


69 


17.84 


70 


18.03 


71 


18.22 







GENERAL, TABLES. 
Table 21. — Average weight for height, by sex; white children. 1 



107 



Stature. 


Boys. 


Girls. 








Average 




Average 


Centi- 


Inches. 


Num- 


weight 


Num- 


weight 


meters. 


ber. 


(kilo- 


ber. 


(kilo- 








grams). 




grams). 


50.8 


20 


206 


3.71 


310 


3.69 


53.3 


21 


486 


4.30 


654 


4.21 


55.9 


22 


905 


4.79 


1,121 


4.78 


58.4 


23 


1,352 


5.42 


1,635 


5.39 


61.0 


24 


1,994 


6.11 


2,318 


6.05 


63.5 


25 


2,496 


6.81 


2,866 


6.72 


66.0 


26 


3,068 


7.53 


3,179 


7.42 


68.6 


27 


3,525 


8.18 


3,561 


8.01 


71.1 


28 


3,775 


8.80 


3,471 


8.62 


73.7 


29 


3,605 


9.38 


3,425 


9.16 


76.2 


30 


3,671 


9.97 


3,563 


9.66 


78.7 


31 


3,834 


10.54 


3,750 


10.25 


81.3 


32 


3,803 


11.14 


3,805 


10.80 


83.8 


33 


4,075 


11.70 


3,951 


11.37 


86.4 


34 


4,533 


12.30 


4,405 


11.98 


88.9 


35 


4,698 


12.89 


4,596 


12.59 


91.4 


36 


5,159 


13.48 


4,919 


13.21 


94.0 


37 


5,074 


14.10 


4,971 


13.78 


96.5 


38 


5,265 


14.71 


4,973 


14.38 


99.1 


39 


5,133 


15.35 


4,823 


14.96 


101.6 


40 


4,769 


16.00 


4,505 


15.64 


104.1 


41 


4,181 


16.71 


3,894 


16.34 


106.7 


42 


3,393 


17.41 


3,002 


17.01 


109.2 


43 


2,312 


18.20 


2,020 


17.79 


111.8 


44 


1,598 


18.93 


1,341 


18.57 


114.3 


45 


857 


19.73 


703 


19.41 


116.8 


46 


423 


20.60 


349 


20.41 


119.4 


47 


193 


21.45 


143 


21.25 



i The unit of grouping was the inch; the centimeters and inches show the midpoints of the groups. 
Averages are not shown for statures under 20 inches nor for statures 48 inches or over, since the numbers 
of children of these statures were too small to afford satisfactory averages. 



108 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



'If 



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GENERAL, TABLES. 



109 



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110 



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114 



STATURES AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN. 



Table 23. — Average statures and weights, by sex, from 3 to 6 years of age; smoothed and 
corrected figures; l in centimeters and kilograms; white children. 



Age. 



White boys. 



Average 
stature 
(centi- 
meters) . 



weight 
(kilo- 
grams). 



White girls. 



Average 
stature 
(centi- 
meters) . 



Average 
weight 
(kilo- 
grams). 



36 months, under 37. 

37 months, under 38. 

38 months, under 39. 

39 months, under 40. 

40 months, under 41. 

41 months, under 42. 

42 months, under 43. 

43 months, under 44. 

44 months, under 45. 

45 months, under 46. 

46 months, under 47. 

47 months, under 48. 

48 months, under 49. 

49 months, under 50 

50 months, under 51 

51 months, under 52 

52 months, under 53 

53 months, under 54 

54 months, under 55 

55 months, under 56 

56 months, under 57 

57 months, under 58 

58 months, under 59 

59 months, under 60 

60 months, under 61 

61 months, under 62 

62 months, under 63 

63 months, under 64 

64 months, under 65 

65 months, under 66 

66 months, under 67 

67 months, under 68 

68 months, under 69 

69 months, under 70 

70 months, under 71 

71 months, under 72 



93.1 
93.7 
94.3 
94.9 
95.5 
96.1 
96.7 
97.3 
97.9 
98.4 
98.9 
99.4 
99.8 
100.2 
100.7 
101.1 
101.6 
102.2 
102.7 
103.3 
103.8 
104.3 
104.8 
105.3 
105.7 
106.2 
106.6 
107.1 
107.6 
108.1 
108.6 
109 1 
109.6 
110.2 
110.6 
111.6 



13.95 
14.08 
14.22 
14.38 
14.53 
14.70 
14.87 
15.02 
15.17 
15.31 
15.43 
15.54 
15.64 
15.75 
15.86 
15.98 
16.11 
16.25 
16.39 
16.54 
16.69 
16.84 
17.00 
17.14 
17.28 
17.41 
17.54 
17.66 
17.80 
17.94 
18.09 
18.24 
18.41 
18.56 
18.31 
18.87 



92.1 
92.7 
93.3 
96.4 
94.5 
95.2 
95.8 
96.4 
96.9 
97.4 
97.9 
98.4 



100.4 
100.9 
101.5 
102.1 
102.6 
103.2 
103.7 
104.2 
102.1 
105.1 
105.6 
106.0 
106.5 
106.9 
107.3 
107.8 
108.3 
108.9 
109.4 
110.3 
110.7 



13.38 
13.53 
13.67 
13.83 
13.98 
14.14 
14.29 
14.43 
14.55 
14.68 
14.80 
14.92 
15.05 
15.17 
15.30 
15.43 
15.58 
15.73 
15.88 
16.03 
16.17 
16.30 
16.44 
16.58 
16.71 
16.84 
16.97 
17.11 
17.23 
17.36 
17.51 
17.66 
17.84 
18.02 
18.31 
18.39 



i For the first 36 months, see Table 1, p. 85. 
p. 76. 



For equivalents in inches and pounds, see Table XXXI, 



INDEX. 



Absolute measure of variability. See Varia- 
bility, measures of. 

Accuracy in reporting. See Reporting, 
accuracy in. 

Accuracy of measurement. See Measurement, 
» accuracy of. 

Adenoids. See Defects and diseases; influ- 
ence of, upon height and weight. 

Anthropometric statistics of children— ages 
6 to 48 months. See Publications 
cited; Cram, Dr. F. S. 

April and May Weighing and Measuring 
Test (Pt. 2). See Publications 
cited; Children's Bureau, U. S.; 
Suggestions to Examiners. 

Arthritis. See Defects and diseases; exclu- 
sion from tabulation due to. 

Authorities cited. See Publications cited. 

Average stature and weight 15-20, 27-35 

Averages: 

corrected and smoothed 75-76 

See also Bowditch, Dr. H. P.; Children's 
year; Cram, Dr. F. S.; Holt, Dr. 
L. E. 

Baldwin, Dr. Bird T., publications of. See 

Publications cited. 
Basis of selection of record blanks. See Rec- 
ord blanks; Children's Bureau. 
Bowditch, Dr. Henry P.: 
averages of— 

comparison of children's year figures 

with 36-42 

used on parents' records 10 

Cards, weighing and measuring. See Record 

blanks. 
Children's Bureau, publications of. See Pub- 
lications cited, 
record blanks of. See Record blanks. 
Children's year. See Publications cited; 

Children's Bureau, U. S. 
Children's year averages, comparison with 
Dr. Cram's, Dr. Holt's, and Dr. 

Bowditch's averages 36-42 

"Children's year campaign." See Publica- 
tions cited; Rude, Dr. A. E. 
Coefficient of variation. See Variability, 

measures of. 
Comparison of stature and weight of children: 

according to racial stock 45-46, 48, 49, 50 

in city and country 53.55 

in different sections 51-53 



Comparison of stature and weight of ehil- Page, 
dren— Continued. 

of foreign parentage 56-61 

German 61 

Italian 58-60 

Scandinavian 60-61 

(Denmark, Sweden, or Norway.) 

of native parentage 55-56 

with certain defects 65-76 

Composition of selected groups. See Selected 
groups, composition of. See also 
Racial stock. 
Corrected and smoothed averages. See Aver- 
ages. 
Cretinism. See Defects and diseases, exclu- 
sion from tabulation due to. 
Crum, Dr. Frederick S.: 
averages of— 

compared with children's year fig- 
ures 36-42 

used on parents' records 9-10,36 

publications of. See Publications cited. 
Curvature "of the spine. See Defects and dis- 
eases, exclusion from tabulation 
due to. 

Defects and diseases (specified): 

deviation from general averages due to 

inclusion of 74-75 

exclusion from tabulation due to 12 

influence of, upon height and weight 65-76 

proportion of children with 65-67 

sections of country studied in relation to. 65 
Diseases. See Defects and diseases. 
Diseases of infancy and childhood, 1916. See 
Publications cited; Holt, Dr. L. E. 
Dwarfism. See Defects and diseases, exclu- 
sion from tabulation due to. 

"Error, probable," technical meaning of 81 

Examiners, suggestions to. See Publica- 
tions cited, Children's Bureau, U. S. 

Figures, method of smoothing 15,23 

Foreign-born mothers, percentage of, in se- 
lected group 48,53 

Foreign-born parents, comparative stature 

and weight of children of 56-61 

German parentage 61 

Italian parentage 58-60 

Scandinavian parentage 60-61 

(Denmark, Sweden, or Norway. ) 
Foreign-born population, proportion of, by 

sections (in 1890) 47 

115 



116 



INDEX. 



German parentage. See Foreign-born parents. 

Growth: 

by sex and age 15, 16, 23-27 

factors influencing 22 

Heart abnormality . See Defects and diseases; 
influence of, upon height and 
weight. 
Heart disease. See Defects and diseases, ex- 
clusion from tabulation due to. 
Holt, Dr. L. Emmett: 
averages of— 

compared with children's year fig- 
ures 36-42 

used on parents' records 9, 36 

publications of. See Publications cited. 
How to conduct a children's health confer- 
ence. See Publications cited, Chil- 
dren's Bureau, U. S. 
Hydrocephalus. See Defects and diseases, ex- 
clusion from tabulation due to. 

Idiocy. See Defects and diseases, exclusion 
from tabulation due to. 

Imbecility. See Defects and diseases, exclu- 
sion from tabulation due to. 

Italian parentage. See Foreign-born parents. 

Joint disease. See Defects and diseases, ex- 
clusion from tabulation due to. 

Malnutrition. See Defects and diseases. 
Marasmus. See Defects and diseases, exclu- 
sion from tabulation due to. 
Measurement: 

accuracy of 13-14, 78-80 

as compared with Negro children — 14, 80 

units of 14 

Measurements, variability of 21-22, 28, 81 

Measuring: 

correct method of 13, 77 

variation in methods of 78 

Nativity of parents. See Selected group, 

composition of. 
Negro children: 

Records tabulated for— 

accuracy in reporting 14, 78, 80 

number of 62 

Sections of country studied 62, 78 

Statures and weights, average, as com- 
pared with white children 63-64 

Statures and weights, average, from birth 

to 6 years, by sex 104 

Paralysis. Sec Defects and diseases; exclusion 

from tabulation, due to. 
Parents, record blanks for. See Record 

blanks. 
"Physical Growth and School Progress." 

See Publications cited; Baldwin, 

Dr. B. T. 
Pott's disease. Sec Defects and diseases, 

exclusion from tabulation, due to. 

" Probable error," technical meaning of 81 

Publications cited: 

Baldwin, Dr. B.T.— 

"Physical Growth and School 

Progress" 10 



Publications cited— Continued. Page. 

Children's Bureau, TJ. S.— 

Children's Year 9 

How to Conduct Children's Health 

Conference 13 

Suggestions to Examiners 13 

extracts from 77 

Crum, Dr. F. S.— 

Anthropometric statistics of children 

ages 6 to 48 months 10, 36 

Holt, Dr. L. E.— 

Diseases of Infancy and Childhood, 

1916 9 

Rude, Dr. A. E.— 

The Children's year campaign 9 

Rachitis. See Defects and diseases. 
Racial stock: 

effect of bias in, in selected group 47-50 

of children of foreign parentage, by select- 
ed sections 53 

of children of native parentage by 

selected sections 52-53 

variation in statures and weights accord- 
ing to 44-46, 48, 49, 50 

Record, physician's. See Record blanks, 

Children's Bureau. 
Record blanks: 

Children's Bureau- 
basis of selection 11-13 

data required 10, 65 

number distributed 10 

number returned 10, 15 

parents' — 

averages used on 9-10, 36 

References. See Publications cited. 
Relative measure of variability. See Varia- 
bility, coefficient of variation. 

Reporting, accuracy in 13-14, 78-80 

Rude, Dr. Anna E., publications of. See 
Publications cited. 

Scandinavian parentage. See Foreign-born 

parents. 
Sections of country studied to determine — 
comparative stature and weight of 
children — 

in city and country 53-55 

in different sections 44, 47, 51-53 

of foreign parentage 56-61 

German 61 

Italian 58-60 

Scandinavian 61 

of native parentage 55-56 

influence of defects on height and weight . 65 
percentage of children of foreign-born 

mothers 48, 53 

percentage of children of native-born 

mothers 52 

Selected group: 

composition of 42-51 

by nativity of parents 44-50 

by nativity of parents, and sec- 
tions 46,52-53 

by sections 44-45, 47 

effect of bias of racial stocks in 47-50 

size of 15 



INDEX. 



117 



Page. 

Sick or defective children (specified): 

effect of inclusion of, upon general 

averages 74-75 

exclusion of, from tabulation 12, 22 

Smoothed and corrected averages. See 
Averages. 

Spina bifida. See Defects and diseases; 
exclusion from tabulation due to. 

Standard deviation. See Variability, meas- 
ures of. 

Suggestions to Examiners. See Publications 
cited; Children's Bureau, U. S. 

Syphilis. See Defects and diseases, exclusion 
from tabulation due to. 

Teeth, carious. See Defects and diseases, in- 
fluence of, upon height and weight. 

Tonsils, diseased or enlarged. See Defects 
and diseases, influence of, upon 
height and weight. 

Tuberculosis. See Defects and diseases, ex- 
clusion from tabulation due to. 



Units of measurement. See Measurement, 
units of. 

Variability, measures of: 

coefficient of variation 21-22, 28 

standard deviation 21, 28, 81 

Variation in methods of weighing. See 
Weighing, variation in methods of. 
Weighing: 

correct method of 77 

variation in methods of 78 

Weighing and measuring cards. See Record 

blanks. 
Weighing and measuring test, April and 
May (Pt. 2). See Publications 
cited; Children's Bureau, U. S.; 
Suggestions to Examiners. 
Weight (average): 

for age 42 

for stature 27-30, 42 

for stature and age 30-35 

White children. . (Unless otherwise specified, 
all children referred to are white.) 



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